Water and Hydration in Health and Disease Prevention

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

• Section I. Introductory chapters and setting the scene1. Guidelines for water intake2. Hydration and metabolic health: a new narrative3. An overview of the regulation of water balance in the bodySection II. Physiological variables4. Psychobiology of thirst: an updated narrative5. The vasopressin system and regulation of water balance6. Sodium and water balance7. Preventing dehydration: Aldosterone and regulation of water balance8. Preventing dehydration: Renin-Angiotensin system and water regulation9. Overconsumption of hypotonic fluids: Preventing hyponatremia due to exercise10. Prevention of delayed symptomatic hyponatremia in surgerySection III. Cellular and molecular variables11. Vasopressin system and thirst12. Osmoreceptors and the control of water balance13. Cellular and molecular processes: Osmolytes14. Cellular and molecular processes: Baroreceptors15. Cellular and molecular processes: AquaporinSection IV. Regulation of water intake16. Regulation of water intake by cannabinoids: CB1 receptors and the insular cortex17. Brain and control of water intake: linking the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus18. Vasopressin and regulation of fluid balance in pregnancySection V. Thirst, dehydration, and reduced water intake19. Definitions: dehydration and underhydration in acute and chronic scenarios20. The inhibitory mechanisms that control thirst and satiety21. Thirst in heart failure22. Deliberate dehydration in sports23. Dehydration in choleraSection VI. Water as a nutritional vehicle, sports and energy drinks24. Hydrogen-rich water intake and effects on human biology25. Energy drinks consumed by adolescents26. Popular and new isotonic sports drinks27. Energy drinks consumed with alcohol28. Isomaltulose in sports drinks29. Energy drinks and effects on brachial artery: measures of endothelial functions30. Hydration with sugar-sweetened beveragesSection VII. Mineral Water31. Contaminants in mineral water32. Profiles of bottled mineral waters33. Mineral waters and modulation of intestinal inflammation34. Bicarbonate-rich mineral water35. Iron-rich mineral water as an adverse scenarioSection VIII. Tap and drinking water36. Global warming and impact on water supplies37. Phthalates in drinking water38. Lead-in drinking water39. Adverse scenarios of tap water linked with reduced cognition40. Fluoride in drinking water and health consequencesSection IX. Drinking water and intake in different scenarios41. Improving water intake in sports (football)42. Menopause and water intake wrinkles and beyond43. Water intake and menstrual distress44. Water intake and water insecurity45. Drinking water and intake in pregnancy: health and disease prevention (arsenic)46. Hypovolemia in the elderlySection X. Clinical Scenariosi. Hyponatremic conditions47. Water loading and acute hyponatremia48. Hyponatremia and Psychogenic Polydipsiaii. Hypovolemic conditions49. Hypovolemic shock in trauma50. Prediction and diagnosis of hypovolemiciii. Diuretics51. Diuretics and hyponatremia52. Diuretics use in critically ill patientsiv. Water intake53. Water intake and effects on copeptin in diabetes54. Water, hydration and cognition55. Linking water intake and BMIv. Conditions and disease56. Fluid balance in diabetes insipidus57. Polydipsia58. Fluid balance in chronic kidney disease59. Fluid balance in polycystic kidney disease60. Fluid balance in cardiovascular diseases61. Water, hydration and cognitionSection XI. Risks and effects of contaminations62. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and risks of consumption63. Drinking water and environmental risk: radioactivity64. Nitrates in drinking water and FOXE1 polymorphisms65. Risks and effects of contaminations: hormones66. Risks and effects of contaminations: pharmaceuticals67. Risks and effects of contaminations: heavy metalsSection XII. Resources68. Resources in Water and Hydration in Health and Disease Prevention