Thematic Approaches to COVID-19

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

• Features, Transmission, Detection, and Case Studies in COVID-19 PrefaceSection A: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: Introductory chapters and setting the scene1. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in context: Systemic effects2. Early warning of SARS-CoV-2 infection3. Mobile phones and their use to study dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemicSection B: Structure, transmission and avoidance4. Cis regulatory elements: A novel communication route between the host cell and the SARS-CoV-2 genome5. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8: Structure, evolution, molecular function, and its contribution to thepathogenicity of the virus6. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding ligands and its application in COVID-19 therapeutics7. SARS-CoV-2 bulldozes the autophagy pathway and unhinges mitochondrial quality controlthereby driving neurodegeneration—A hypothesis8. The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-29. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 spread in hospitals10. Computational analysis of mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants spike protein and proteininteractions11. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-212. Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with face masks: Its potential protective effects13. Digital twin of ventilation system against COVID-19 transmission and infection risk14. Pets and SARS-CoV-2: What is their role in the epidemiology of the disease?15. SARS-CoV-2 transmission in dental practice16. SARS-CoV-2 compared with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in terms of verticaltransmission17. Reducing droplets and aerosols in the surgical setting and applications to the COVID-19pandemic18. SARS-CoV motion dynamics: Linking in droplet size19. Ventilation and airborne particles in classrooms: Implications for the COVID-19 pandemic20. Indoor transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through aerosols emitted by e-cigarettesSection C: Impact and effects21. The Impact of COVID-19 on first responders22. COVID-19 and suspected drug-induced liver injury23. Pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-1924. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cancer: Clinical correlation andpotential pathological mechanism25. Severe SARS-CoV-2, plateletendothelium interactions, and cardiovascular injury26. Cardiometabolic syndrome and COVID-19: Pathophysiological aspects27. COVID-19 and type 1 and 2 diabetes: An overview28. COVID-19 and older adults: An overview29. COVID-19 and male fertility30. COVID-19 and obesity: An overviewSection D: Treatments, strategies, and vaccines31. COVD-19 vaccines and their impact: An overview32. Exploring the promise of COVID-19 vaccines: A review of preclinical studies33. Drugs actively being investigated for use in COVID-1934. The biology of neutralizing antibody therapy with REGEN-COV35. The intensive care unit and percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with coronavirus disease201936. Cardiac effects of drugs and vaccines used to treat and prevent COVID-1937. COVID-19 pandemic and isolation: Impact on sleep38. Strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic: Disinfection of gloved hands39. In silico studies on established antivirals on SARS-CoV-2 RNAdependent RNA polymerase40. The COVID-19 cytokine storm and its immunomodulatory treatment41. Safety and efficacy of nebulization for reducing the intensity of viral load and clinical manifestations in patients with COVID-19Section E: Detection and biomarkers42. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and use in detection of SARS-CoV-243. SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccination among people who use drugs44. Homocysteine as a biomarker in COVID-1945. Assessment of smell and taste in COVID-1946. S-gene analysis: RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing applied to SARS-CoV-2 virus47. False-negative results in screening for SARS-CoV-248. Sample pooling and SARS-CoV-2 assays49. Biomarkers of invasive mechanical ventilation in obesity and metabolic syndrome in patientswith COVID-19Section F: Case studies with mini review50. Hypoxia and heart-lung interactions in COVID-19: The significance of right heart dysfunction and shunt51. Ulnar nerve dysfunction as COVID-19 sequelae52. Case study: Coronavirus disease 2019 and acute kidney injury53. Case study: The detection and treatment of a pneumothorax in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia54. Proposal and demonstration of a survey method for the prevention of airborne transmission: Case studies in healthcare and welfare facilitiesSection G: Resources55. Recommended resources for the features, transmission, and detection of coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19) International and Life Course Aspects of COVID-19 PrefaceSection A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene1. COVID-19 and mortality in children2. Congenital and perinatal COVID-19: Diagnostic challenges, current management, andoutcomes3. COVID-19 vaccine strategies4. Social and community responses to public health and social measures for COVID-19: Community engagement for risk preparednessSection B: International aspects5. The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Ecological background and epidemiological dynamics6 COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria7. A bird’s eye view of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: The past, present, and future8. COVID-19 pandemic in Europe Małgorzata Gruchoła and Małgorzata9. COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)10. COVID-19 in Sudan: A multiperspective review11. Asymptomatic infection by SARSCoV-2 at the beginning of the epidemic in Cuba: Evidence fromcase series12. Stress and anxiety due to COVID-19 in India13. COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: A focus on medical management14. Stigma experienced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Global and EgyptianperspectivesSection C: Reproduction, pregnancy and new-borns15. The COVID-19 pandemic and breastfeeding16. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on female fertility17. Fetal death due to maternal COVID-1918. The COVID-19 pandemic and identification of SARS-CoV-2 in the prostate19. COVID-19 in pregnant women: Clinical course, treatment, and maternal/fetal outcome of vaccination during pregnancy20. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies and their verticaltransfer21. COVID-19 vaccination during lactation22. Being pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of the trimester of gestation and measures of maternal mental health23. COVID-19 related maternal mortality and SARS-CoV-2 variants24. COVID-19-associated complications in pregnant women and neonates25. SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on the developing fetal neurologic system26. Impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the placentaSection D: Children and adolescents27. T cells and their subsets in children with COVID-1928. Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-229. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nutritional status of children30. COVID-19 in children: Nutrition care31. Eating disorders in children during the COVID-19 pandemic32. Body composition in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Short and long term consequences33. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and childhood obesity34. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown and the post-COVID-19 effects onthe family system of children with disabilities35. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ordinary vaccination programs for very young children: BCG, MMR, poliomyelitis, and beyond36. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children37. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: How physical fitness changes in children38. The COVID-19 pandemic and children: Impact on physical activity39. The COVID-19 pandemic and stress related to schooling40. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic41. The COVID-19 pandemic: Attending to hand hygiene measures in young people(a review of different studies)42. Child and adolescent COVID-19 vaccination: Trends, hesitancy, and strategies for increasing vaccination43. Social distancing behavior and mental health in US adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic44. Thrombotic complications in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection45. Features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children: A focus on magnetic resonance imaging of the heart46. SARS-CoV-2 infection and the cytokine levels and pathway in children: An updated narrativeSection E: Older adults47. Risk factors related to COVID-19 among older adults48. Reducing loneliness and social isolation among the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic49. Features and measures of depression in the elderly and the impact of the COVID-19pandemic: Linking in preexisting mental health50. Experiences of disabled older adults in adult day care centers during the COVID-19 pandemic51. Using single-cell analysis to investigate disease severity in elderly patients with COVID-1952. COVID-19 and older adult food practices: A social determinants of health perspective53. Older subjects and immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines54. Noninvasive respiratory support in octogenarian patients with COVID-19Section F: Case studies with mini review55. Case study: COVID-19 severity in diabetic patients with and without seizure56. Case study: Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 and their social impact in Japan57. Case study: Factors affecting vaccine uptake—Australian perspectives58. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an older disabled person59. COVID-19 in the newborn: Clinical course and effects of maternal vaccination in pregnancySection G: Resources60. Recommended resources for the international and life course aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Linking Neuroscience and Behavior in COVID-19 PrefaceSection A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene1. The historical aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the ensuing pandemic2. Different variants of SARS-CoV-23. Lateral flow assay for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Uses and limitations4. Linking community participation, mobility disabilities, and the COVID-19 pandemic5. Influence of the sources used to obtain information on COVID-19 and their impact on mental healthSection B: Impact on behavior and psychology6. The psychological experiences and distress of defined populations in the COVID-19 pandemic: Doctors7. Impact of COVID-19 on behavior in autism spectrum disorder8. Prepandemic stressors in mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: Early life adversities and beyond9. Compulsive hoarding in the COVID-19 pandemic10. The psychological experiences and distress in Japan and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic11. The COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, and sleep: Linking depression, anxiety, and perceivedstress12. The Covid-19 pandemic and the occupational overload of health professionals: Indicators ofburnout13. Neurocognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathogenesis, risk factors, assessment, and implications14. Acute neurocognitive disorder as a presenting manifestation of COVID-1915. Mental health and the impact of confinement16. Cannabis use in the COVID-19 pandemic: Changes in different populations and implicationsfor policy17. Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in women: Socioeconomic groups and global aspects18. Quality of life assessment of patients after COVID-1919. COVID-19 pandemic and remote working: Toward a new way of working20. Long COVID and its persistence: A focus on mental health21. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavioral and psychological features of vulnerable groups: Patients with multiple sclerosis and their quality of lifeSection C: Effects on neurological structures and mechanisms23. Linking pediatric COVID-19 with basal ganglia and dentate nucleus24. Sensory disorders, neuroinflammation, and COVID-1925. The effects of COVID-19 isolations on nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease26. Myelitis following COVID-19: The road so far27. The corpus callosum: Effects due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mRNA vaccine28. Assessing the impact of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure on infants’ neurodevelopment: A comprehensive analysis of current evidence29. Electroencephalographic features with COVID-1930. Survivors of COVID-19 and clinical neuropsychological domain characteristics31. Neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection32. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and depressive symptoms in subjects with COVID-1933. Impact of COVID-19 on the brain: Antibodies against brain stem antigens34. The kynurenine pathway and role in mental health of post-COVID-19 patientsSection D: Management, support and treatments35. Management of brain tumors in the COVID-19 pandemic36. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ischemic stroke management: From hyperacute to chronic phase37. Long COVID and the potential use of palmitoylethanolamide38. Cognitive assessments in post-COVID syndrome: A focus on the neuropsychological tests andprotocols39. Supporting individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities during the COVID-19pandemic40. Preserving well-being and quality of life through school-based interventions focused on physicalactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic41. Hesitancy in using COVID 19 prevention behaviors among African Americans: Strategies tobuild confidence42. New strategies for psychological well-being at work43. Mitigating mental health changes with virtual reality technology during Covid-19: A narrative44. Music therapy for patients with neurological disorders during COVID-19 pandemic45. Mental health and the modulating effects of receiving the COVID-19 vaccination46. Personalized cognitive behavioral therapy on patients with obesity in COVID-19 pandemic47. Social anxiety disorder and Covid 19: Treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy48. Burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: Modulating role of mindfulnessSection E: Case studies with mini review49. Case study: Evaluation of a long Covid assessment service (LCAS)50. Case study: Navigating youth mental health and addictions care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic51. Case study: Restless leg syndrome associated with COVID-19Section F: Resources52. Recommended resources for linking neuroscience and behavior in coronavirus disease(COVID-19) Management, Body Systems, and Case Studies in COVID-19 PrefaceSection A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene1. Hand hygiene strategies2. Approved vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic: Linking in future perspectives3. Molecular methods for SARS-CoV-2 variant detectionSection B: Management4. Systematic patient assessment for acute respiratory tract ailments (SPARTA): A simple tool to improve outcomes from COVID-195. Point of care ultrasound for coronavirus disease 2019: The multiorgan approach to COVID-196. COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: Features and guidelines7. Management of COVID-19 and clinical nutrition8. The management of head and neck cancer in COVID-199. The COVID-19 pandemic: Inventory management and allocation of personal protectiveequipment10. Clinical management in the COVID-19 pandemic: Rheumatic disease11. Managing migraines during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Italian experience12. Managing acute ischemic stroke in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic13. Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on patients with hypertension14. Neurosurgical trauma management during COVID-19 restrictions15. The COVID-19 pandemic and management of weight gain: Implications for obesity16. COVID-19 and the management of heart failure using telemedicineSection C: Guidelines for different treatment clinics17. Guidelines for breast imaging in the COVID-19 pandemic18. Vaccine-induced (immune) thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): Diagnosis, guidelines,and reporting19. Lung cancer in the era of COVID-1920. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children/pediatric inflammatory multisystemsyndrome: Clinical guidelinesSection D: Impact on the respiratory system21. Ground-glass nodules in the lungs of COVID-19 patients22. Cardiothoracic imaging in patients affected by COVID-1923. Cystic fibrosis and bronchial epithelial cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection24. Biomechanics and mechanobiology of the lung parenchyma following SARS-CoV-2 infection25. Long noncoding RNA profiling in respiratory specimens from COVID-19 patients26. COVID-19 and acute pulmonary embolism27. The usefulness of the alveolar-arteriolar gradient during the COVID-19 pandemicSection E: Effects on cardiovascular and hematological systems28. Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19: An overview29. Limb ischemia and COVID-1930. Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19: A new narrative31. COVID-19 myocarditis: Features of echocardiography32. COVID-19 lockdown and impact on arrhythmias33. Cardiometabolic disease and COVID-19: A new narrative34. Postrecovery COVID-19 and interlinking diabetes and cardiovascular events35. COVID-19 patients and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation36. Sars-CoV-2 infection in different hematological patientsSection F: Effects on body systems37. Dermatological reactions associated with personal protective equipment use duringthe COVID-19 pandemic38. Hemodialysis patients, effects of infections by SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine response39. Coinfections with COVID-19: A focus on tuberculosis (TB)40. Patients with autoimmune liver disease and the impact of Sars-COV-2 infection41. COVID-19 severity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease42. Changes in obesity and diabetes severity during the COVID-19 pandemic at VirginiaCommonwealth University health system43. The diabetic patient and concomitant conditions rhinoorbital-cerebral mucormycosisand COVID-1944. Tissue location of SARS-CoV-2 RNA: A focus on bone and implications for skeletal health45. Linking between gastrointestinal tract effects of COVID-19 and tryptophan metabolism46. Organ damage in SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: A focus on acute kidney injury47. Obesity, COVID-19 severity, and mortality48. Upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations of COVID-1949. The COVID-19 survivors: Impact on skeletal muscle strengthSection G: Case studies with mini review50. A case report: COVID-19 meningoencephalitis and intracranial hemorrhage51. Case study: Oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-1952. Case study: COVID-19 pneumonia presented with cavitary lesions53. Case study: Optic neuritis in SARS-CoV-2 infectionSection H: Resources54. Recommended resources relevant to the body systems involvementand management of COVID-19