Linking Neuroscience and Behavior in COVID-19

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

• Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene1. The historical aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the ensuing pandemicTaslima Nasrin, Md Samim Hassan, Arijit Samanta, Mehboob Hoque, and Safdar Ali2. Different variants of SARS-CoV-2Arijit Samanta, Md Samim Hassan, Taslima Nasrin, Syed Sahajada Mahafujul Alam, Zarnain Jamil, Harpal S. Buttar, Safdar Ali, and Mehboob Hoque3. Lateral flow assay for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Uses and limitationsMirajul Islam, Taslima Nasrin, Arijit Samanta, Safdar Ali, Harpal S. Buttar, and Mehboob Hoque4. Linking community participation, mobility disabilities, and the COVID-19 pandemicKara B. Ayers, Jean P. Hall, and Claire Burdick5. Influence of the sources used to obtain information on COVID-19 and their impact on mental healthJuan Gómez-Salgado, Juan Jesús García-Iglesias, Regina Allande-Cussó, and Carlos Ruiz-FrutosSection B: Impact on behavior and psychology6. The psychological experiences and distress of defined populations in the COVID-19 pandemic: DoctorsAmy Pascoe, Karen Willis, and Natasha Smallwood7. Impact of COVID-19 on behavior in autism spectrum disorderGiulia Antolini and Marco Colizzi8. Prepandemic stressors in mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: Early life adversities and beyondXiangfei Meng9. Compulsive hoarding in the COVID-19 pandemicNicole Loren Angelo, Andrea Pozza, Debora Rossi, Ilaria Aicardi, Giulia Chieppa, Isabella Bove, Federica Ragucci, Francesco Iocca, Daniele Pugi, and Donatella Marazziti10. The psychological experiences and distress in Japan and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemicSayo Hamatani, Anton K€all, Konomi Shoda, and Kazuki Matsumoto11. The COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, and sleep: Linking depression, anxiety, and perceivedstressJoana Bücker, Adriane Ribeiro Rosa, and Letícia Sanguinetti Czepielewski12. The Covid-19 pandemic and the occupational overload of health professionals: Indicators ofburnoutIsabella Lara Machado Silveira, Flávia de Lima Osório, and Sonia Regina Loureiro13. Neurocognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathogenesis, risk factors, assessment, and implicationsMohammad Nazmus Sakib14. Acute neurocognitive disorder as a presenting manifestation of COVID-19Brad Tyson, Leigh Tyson, Sudeshna Ray, and Pinky Agarwal15. Mental health and the impact of confinementLorabi Souhib, David Sánchez-Teruel, Selma Boufellous, and María Auxiliadora Robles-Bello16. Cannabis use in the COVID-19 pandemic: Changes in different populations and implicationsfor policyAdam Zaweel, Isaac Kuk, Soyeon Kim, Bernard Le Foll, and Christine M. Wickens17. Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in women: Socioeconomic groups and global aspectsKhushi Kumar, Aashni Udani, and Maushmi S. Kumar18. Quality of life assessment of patients after COVID-19Eleni Tsimitrea, Paraskevi Siamouti, Konstntinos I. Gourgoulianis, and Evangelos C. Fradelos19. COVID-19 pandemic and remote working: Toward a new way of workingFerdinando Toscano and Teresa Galanti20. Long COVID and its persistence: A focus on mental healthMichael John Dwyer, Massimo Mirandola, and Elda Righi21. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavioral and psychological features of vulnerable groups: Patients with multiple sclerosis and their quality of lifeKubra YeniSection C: Effects on neurological structures and mechanisms23. Linking pediatric COVID-19 with basal ganglia and dentate nucleusShraddha Sunthwal, Sagar Lad, and Preeti Lad24. Sensory disorders, neuroinflammation, and COVID-19Pietro De Luca and Arianna Di Stadio25. The effects of COVID-19 isolations on nonmotor features of Parkinson’s diseaseSantangelo Gabriella and Carmine Vitale26. Myelitis following COVID-19: The road so farCristiana Silva and Sónia Batista27. The corpus callosum: Effects due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mRNA vaccineLuca Procaccini and Antonio Bernardini28. Assessing the impact of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure on infants’ neurodevelopment: A comprehensive analysis of current evidenceFernanda Nava and Vania Aldrete-Cortez29. Electroencephalographic features with COVID-19Isabel M. Sáez-Landete, Adriana Gómez-Domínguez, Beatriz Estrella-León, and Alba Díaz-Cid30. Survivors of COVID-19 and clinical neuropsychological domain characteristicsPamela E. May-Weeks and Vaishali Phatak31. Neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infectionCarlos Alexandre Netto and Marimelia A Porcionatto32. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and depressive symptoms in subjects with COVID-19Giulia Cattarinussi, Alessandro Miola, and Fabio Sambataro33. Impact of COVID-19 on the brain: Antibodies against brain stem antigensGuglielmo Lucchese, Antje Vogelgesang, Angela Stufano, and Agnes Flöel34. The kynurenine pathway and role in mental health of post-COVID-19 patientsMelike Kucukkarapinar, Filiz Karadag, and Selcuk CandansayarSection D: Management, support and treatments35. Management of brain tumors in the COVID-19 pandemicRajesh Balakrishnan, Sharief K. Sidhique, Patricia Sebastian, and Selvamani Backianathan36. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ischemic stroke management: From hyperacute to chronic phaseIrene Scala, Simone Bellavia, Aldobrando Broccolini, Giovanni Frisullo, Pier Andrea Rizzo, Eleonora Rollo, Giacomo Della Marca, and Valerio Brunetti37. Long COVID and the potential use of palmitoylethanolamideRocco Salvatore Calabro` and Loredana Raciti38. Cognitive assessments in post-COVID syndrome: A focus on the neuropsychological tests andprotocolsCristina Delgado-Alonso and Jordi A. Matias-Guiu39. Supporting individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities during the COVID-19pandemicDavid Ervin, Melody Jan, Emily J. Johnson, Lin Peters, and Carl Tyler40. Preserving well-being and quality of life through school-based interventions focused on physicalactivity during the COVID-19 pandemicAlice Masini, Francesco Sanmarchi, and Laura Dallolio41. Hesitancy in using COVID 19 prevention behaviors among African Americans: Strategies tobuild confidenceJennifer Cunningham Erves, Jamaine Davis, Elizabeth C. Stewart, Vanessa B. Crowther, and Whitney George42. New strategies for psychological well-being at workTeresa Galanti and Ferdinando Toscano43. Mitigating mental health changes with virtual reality technology during Covid-19: A narrativeMuhammad Hizri Hatta, Chong Siew Koon, and Suriati Mohamed Saini44. Music therapy for patients with neurological disorders during COVID-19 pandemicClaudia Vinciguerra, Salvatore Iacono, Vincenzo Di Stefano, Valerio Nardone, and Antonio Federico45. Mental health and the modulating effects of receiving the COVID-19 vaccinationNatsu Sasaki and Norito Kawakami46. Personalized cognitive behavioral therapy on patients with obesity in COVID-19 pandemicRiccardo Dalle Grave, Anna Dalle Grave, and Simona Calugi47. Social anxiety disorder and Covid 19: Treatment with cognitive behavioral therapyNarendra Nath Samantaray and Sapam Kiran Dolly48. Burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: Modulating role of mindfulnessMakiko Sampei and Naho MorisakiSection E: Case studies with mini review49. Case study: Evaluation of a long Covid assessment service (LCAS)Colin R. Martin, Scarlett Maloney, Sarah Fowler, Frances Farnworth, Katie Tyrrell, and Abigail Webb50. Case study: Navigating youth mental health and addictions care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemicRoula Markoulakis and Anthony Levitt51. Case study: Restless leg syndrome associated with COVID-19Cyprian PopescuSection F: Resources52. Recommended resources for linking neuroscience and behavior in coronavirus disease(COVID-19)Rajkumar Rajendram, Daniel Gyamfi, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy