Ionizing Radiation Technologies

About the EditorsShima Shayanfar, Research and Development Scientist, Herbalife Nutrition U.S., California, USA. Suresh D. Pillai, Director of the National Center for Electron Beam Research, and Professor of Microbiology, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA.

• ContentsList of Contributors xiPreface xivAcknowledgments xvi1 Introduction 1Shima Shayanfar and Suresh D. PillaiReferences 3 2 Radiation Processing Using Cobalt-60 Gamma Rays 4Kevin O’Hara2.1 Introduction 42.2 Overview of Cobalt-60—The Radiation Source 42.3 Overview of Cobalt-60 Gamma Technology 52.4 Cobalt-60 Safety and Security 92.5 The Future of Cobalt-60 Gamma Technology 10References 103 X-ray Technology 12Jeremy Brison, Rick Galloway, Christophe Malice, and Josef Mittendorfer3.1 Introduction to X-ray Technology 123.2 Physical Properties of X-rays 143.3 X-rays Today 213.4 The X-ray Vision 36References 374 Low-Energy Electron Beam Technologies: Deriving Value from Waste 39P. Michael Fletcher4.1 Introduction and History 394.2 Ranges of Energy for Electron Accelerators 404.3 Shielding Considerations 414.4 Absorption of Electron Energy by Materials 424.5 Absorption of Electrons’ Negative Charges by Materials 454.6 Predicting Depth of Electron Penetration into Products 454.7 Dose Measurements and Machine Characterization 464.8 Equipment Supplier Brief History 474.9 Low-Energy EB Applications 494.10 X-ray Shielding and Product Processing 514.11 Low-Energy X-ray Machines Made from Low-Energy EB Machines 52References 525 Accelerator Technology for Waste Valorization 53David Brown5.1 Introduction 535.2 General Properties of the Electron Beam 565.3 Delivering “Dose” to Materials 575.4 Integration of Accelerator Technologies into Waste Processing Facilities 595.5 Integration of E-Beam Systems—An Overview (or “How to Speak to an Accelerator Supplier”) 595.6 Process Design, Accelerator Specification, and Machine Selection 605.7 Staffing Considerations for Waste Processing Facilities 615.8 It’s All about the Dose to the Product 635.9 An Overview of Radiation Processing Standards Related to Machine-Based Sources 68Reference 786 Biofuel Production Using Ionizing Technology from Agricultural Waste 79Tan Kean Meng and Mohd Asyraf Kassim6.1 Introduction 796.2 Agriculture Waste 806.3 Biofuel 816.4 Pretreatment 826.5 Ionizing Radiation 836.6 Effect of Ionizing Radiation Pretreatment 876.7 Bioethanol 906.8 Biomethane 916.9 Biohydrogen 936.10 Conclusions 94References 957 Ionizing Technology Effects on Bioactive Compounds from Food Products 104J.R. Rodríguez-Núñez, A. Rodríguez-Félix, P. I. Campa-Siqueiros, L. Val-Félix, and T.J. Madera-Santana7.1 Introduction 1047.2 Valorization of Food Wastes 1057.3 Food Components: Bioactive Compounds 1057.4 Bioactive Compounds in Food Subjected to Ionizing Radiation 1067.5 Conclusions 113References 1138 Remediation of Crude Oil Impacted Soils with Electron Beam Irradiation 120John Lassalle, Kenneth Briggs, Thomas Thompson, Marco Martinez, Andrea Strzelec, and David Staack8.1 Introduction 1208.2 Demand for Novel Remediation Techniques 1218.3 Potential Advantages of Electron Beam Remediation 1228.4 Process Implementation 1248.5 Economic Feasibility 1318.6 Comparison to Other Remediation Technologies 1328.7 Conclusions 133References 1349 Application of E-beam Irradiation to Enhance Class B Disinfection Biosolids Processes to Class A Disinfection Treatment to Produce Value-Added Products 136Robert S. Reimers, Yue Xu, Suresh D. Pillai, and Kari B. Fitzmorris-Brisolara9.1 Introduction 1369.2 Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion 1389.3 Application of eBeam to Enhance Anaerobic Digestion 1399.4 Rationale for Upgrading Class B Plants to Class A 1419.5 Value-Added Products 1459.6 Value-Added Product Examples 1459.7 Conclusions 147References 14810 Textile Wastewater Management by Ionizing Technology 150Weihua Sun, Wenyi Wang, and Youxue Zhang10.1 Introduction 15010.2 Characteristics of Textile Wastewater 15010.3 Mechanisms and Influencing Factors of Treating Textile Wastewater by Ionizing Radiation 15210.4 Ionizing Radiation Applied on Textile Wastewater Management 16110.5 Conclusions 176References 17711 Using Ionizing Technologies on Natural Compounds and Wastes for the Development of Advanced Polymers and Active Packaging Materials 180S. Salmieri, Leila Bagheri, and Monique Lacroix11.1 Introduction 18011.2 Combination of Active Packaging with Gamma Irradiation 18211.3 Development of Active Packaging Using Gamma Irradiation 18611.4 Conclusions 203References 20412 Treatment of Emerging Organic Pollutants Using Ionizing Technology—A State of the Art Discussion 210Yongxia Sun, Andrzej G. Chmielewski, and Henrietta Nichipor12.1 Introduction 21012.2 Methodology 21112.3 Main Factors Influencing Degradation of EOP 21112.4 By-products of Selected Aromatic EOP Degradation under Ionizing Radiation 21212.5 Toxicity of the Solution Containing Selected Aromatic EOPS Before and After Ionizing Radiation 21412.6 Computer Simulation of Emerging Persistent Pollutant Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Degradation under Electron Beam and Gamma Ray Radiation 21512.7 Conclusions 221References 22113 Remediation of Poly- and Perfluorinated Chemical Substances (PFAS) in the Environment by Ionizing Technology 223Suresh D. Pillai, Corinne Kowald, John Lassalle, and David StaackReferences22714 Pharmaceutical Waste Management by Ionizing Technology 229Gyuri Sági, Suresh D. Pillai, Erzsébet Takács, and László Wojnárovits14.1 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 22914.2 Common Practices of Pharmaceutical Wastewater Management 23014.3 Disposal of Model Wastewater with Ionizing Radiation 23114.4 Irradiation of Actual Wastewater Samples 23614.5 Economic Considerations, Practical Applications 238References 23815 Future Needs and Trends in Waste Management by Ionizing Technologies 242Shima Shayanfar and Suresh D. Pillai15.1 The Future of Ionizing Technology Platforms 24315.2 Ionizing Technology for Animal Waste Rendering 24415.3 Ionizing Technology for Generating Energy from Waste Streams 24515.4 Ionizing Technology for Development of High-Value Phytochemicals and Plant Growth Promoters 24515.5 Suggested Roadmap for the Future 246References 246Index 248