Introduction to Food Packaging

María Botero Omary, is Principal at The Omary Group, a consultancy organization that works on food packaging, food product development, and food and environmental policies. She has taught and researched extensively in food science, food engineering and food packaging, and related subjects and has also served on the IFT Education Division Board. Kurt A. Rosentrater, is Professor in the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, USA. He has taught and researched extensively in food science, process engineering, and related subjects.

• List of Contributors 00Preface 00List of Figures 00List of Tables 001 Introduction to Packaging – Production, Use,Importance, and Challenges 1Kurt A. Rosentrater1.1 Introduction 11.2 Growth Into a Modern Industry 31.3 Importance and Use 51.4 State of the Art 61.5 Questions and Controversies 61.6 Conclusions 11References 11Additional References 122 History of Packaging 19Ziynet Boz2.1 Introduction 192.2 Early History of Packaging 192.3 When Everything Changed: Late 17th Century to Late20th Century 242.4 The New Millenium: 21st Century Developmentsin Packaging 352.5 Final Remarks 35References 36Additional References 393 Packaging Levels, Functions, and Environments 40Maria Botero Omary and Yu-ChenNicole Chiu3.1 Introduction 403.2 Types of Packages 403.3 Packaging Functions 443.4 Packaging Environments 523.5 Functions versus Environments Matrix 533.6 Final Remarks 53References 55Additional References 554 Types of Packaging Materials I: Plastics 57Eva Almenar and Christopher Wilson4.1 Introduction 574.2 Conventional Plastics 584.3 Novel Plastics 774.4 Final Remarks 85Acknowledgment 85References 86Additional References 885 Types of Packaging Materials II: Glass, Metals,Paper, Paperboard, Wood, Textiles,andMultilayer Structures 96Eva Almenar, Christopher Wilson, Richard E. Bayer,and Michael Kubicki5.1 Introduction to Materials in Food Packaging 965.2 Glass 965.3 Metals 1045.4 Paper and Paperboard 1115.5 Wood 1155.6 Textiles 1175.7 Multilayer Structures 1175.8 Final Remarks 125Acknowledgments 125References 125Additional References 1276 Modified Atmosphere Packaging and RelatedTechnologies 134Eva Almenar and Jaime Gonzalez-Buesa6.1 Introduction to Modified Atmosphere Packaging 1346.2 Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Related PackagingTechnologies 1366.3 Gases Used in Modified Atmosphere Packaging 1386.4 Packaging Materials and Modified Atmosphere Packaging 1406.5 Design of a Modified Atmosphere Packaging System 1466.6 Methods, Operations, and Machinery to Develop ModifiedAtmosphere Packaging Systems 1546.7 Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Modified AtmospherePackaging 1596.8 Benefits and Limitations of Modified AtmospherePackaging 1606.9 Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Key Food MarketSegments 1616.10 Final Remarks 164Acknowledgments 165References 165Additional References 1717 Active, Intelligent, and Other EmergingPackaging Technologies 174Ziynet Boz and Priscilla D. Antunez7.1 Introduction 1747.2 Active Packaging 1757.3 Intelligent Packaging 1857.4 Final Remarks 192References 192Additional References 1978 Packaging Machinery and Operations 206Autumn Lopez and Ajay Kathuria8.1 Introduction 2068.2 Liquid Filling Operations 2068.3 Form-Fill-SealMachines and Conveyor Systems 2218.4 Packaging Operations for Extended Shelf Life 2258.5 Inspection Systems 2278.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 231References 231Additional References 2319 Aseptic Processing and Packaging 233Lina M. Ramirez-Lopez9.1 Introduction 2339.2 History of Aseptic Packaging 2339.3 Package Development 2369.4 Aseptic Packaging Systems and Characteristics 2429.5 Verification of the Sterilization Process 2479.6 Recent Developments in Sterilization Techniques 2479.7 Final Remarks 248References 249Additional References 25110 Packaging for Novel Food Preservation Technologies 253H. Daryaei, K. Krishnamurthy, S.S. Sablani, E. Ford,F.E. Feeherry, and C.J. Doona10.1 Introduction 25310.2 High-PressureProcessing and Pressure-AssistedThermalProcessing 25310.3 Microwave-AssistedThermal Processing 26110.4 Alternative Processing Technologies 26710.5 Nanotechnology for Innovative Packaging Materials for FreshProduce 26910.6 Final Remarks 276References 277Sources of Further Information 280Additional References 28011 Packaging Testing I: Preshipment Testingof Distribution Packaging 283Thitisilp Kijchavengkul and Siriyupa Netramai11.1 Introduction 28311.2 Preshipment Testing Procedures 28511.3 Final Remarks 302References 302Additional References 30312 Packaging Testing II: Testing of ConsumerFood Packaging 306Siriyupa Netramai and Thitisilp Kijchavengkul12.1 Introduction 30612.2 Sample Preparation 30812.3 Testing of Packaging Materials 30912.4 Testing of Consumer Food Packaging 32512.5 Final Remarks 333References 333Additional References 33913 Food Shelf Life 341Eva Almenar and Jaime González-Buesa13.1 Introduction and Definitions 34113.2 Factors Affecting Food Shelf Life 34213.3 Main Deterioration Processes in Food 34513.4 Methods and Devices to Evaluate Food Shelf Life 35313.5 Protocol to Estimate Food Shelf Life 35613.6 Packaging and Shelf Lives of Specific Food Types 35913.7 Final Remarks 365Acknowledgments 365References 365Additional References 36814 Food Packaging Interactions 371Hayati Samsudin and Rafael Auras14.1 Introduction 37114.2 Glass Packaging 37114.3 Metal Packaging 37514.4 Paper Packaging 38114.5 Plastic Packaging 38614.6 Final Remarks 392References 392Additional References 39615 Sustainable Packaging Systems 399DongHo Kang and Rafael Auras15.1 Introduction 39915.2 Packaging Waste 40415.3 Sustainable Packaging Systems 40715.4 Industrial Ecology 40815.5 Life Cycle Assessment 40915.6 Life Cycle Analysis Software 41115.7 Use of Life Cycle Assessment in Packaging to Evaluate End-of-LifeScenarios 41415.8 Keeping It All in Perspective 428References 430Additional References 433Index 000