Coffee

Dr Yi-Fang Chu was Head of the Global Coffee Wellness Research Group at Kraft Foods Global Inc., Glenview, Illinois, USA. He is currently with PepsiCo Global Nutrition, Barrington, Illinois

• Preface xvii List of Contributors xixList of Abbreviations xxiiAcknowledgement xxv1 Introduction 1Thomas Hatzold1.1 Coffee—a popular beverage 11.2 Coffee from a nutritional perspective 11.3 Potential beneficial effects of coffee 21.4 Limitations to the beneficial effects 31.5 History 51.6 Coffee production worldwide 51.7 Coffee processing: formation and fate of bioactive compounds 51.8 New processes to optimize the health benefits of coffee 101.9 Coffee preparation 12 1.10 Coffee beverages and specialties 141.11 Coffee consumption 141.12 Conclusions 162 Coffee Constituents 21Adriana Farah2.1 Introduction 212.2 Production of coffee and coffee-based beverages 222.3 Natural coffee constituents 262.4 Incidental coffee constituents 432.5 Concluding remarks 503 Bioavailability of Coffee Chlorogenic Acids 59Angelique Stalmach3.1 Introduction 593.2 Chlorogenic acids: contribution of coffee to dietary levels ingested 593.4 Conclusions 724 Coffee and Alzheimer’s Disease: Animal and Cellular Evidence 77Marshall G. Miller and Barbara Shukitt-Hale4.1 Introduction 774.2 Alzheimer’s disease 774.3 Coffee 814.4 Caffeine 824.5 Phenolics 864.6 Other coffee constituents 894.7 Conclusions 915 Coffee and Alzheimer’s Disease—Epidemiologic Evidence 97Joan Lindsay, Pierre-Hugues Carmichael, Edeltraut Kr¨oger, and Danielle Laurin5.1 Introduction 975.2 Review of epidemiologic studies of coffee in relation to Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and selected aspects of cognitive functioning 985.3 The strength of the evidence for preventing Alzheimer’s disease 1066 Coffee and Parkinson's Disease 111Jing-Wei Lim and Eng-King Tan6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease 1116.3 Gene and environmental/lifestyle factors 1126.4 Clinical evidence linking coffee consumption and Parkinson's disease 1136.5 Neuroprotection and active components of coffee 1156.6 Adenosine receptor antagonism and Parkinson's disease 1166.7 Caffeine rescue of Parkinson's disease in animal models 1166.8 Clinical trials of adenosine receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease 1176.9 Caffeine-mediated genetic susceptibility of Parkinson's disease 1186.10 Summary 1187 Coffee and Liver Health 123Pablo Muriel and Jonathan Arauz7.1 The liver 1237.2 Epidemiologic studies 1247.3 Coffee, fibrosis, and cirrhosis 1247.4 Coffee and animal models of hepatic fibrosis 1267.5 Cytokines and liver fibrosis 1277.6 Mechanism of coffee’s protective effect 1287.7 Adenosine A2A receptors and caffeine 1327.8 Caffeine metabolism and drug interactions 1347.9 Conclusions 1348 Coffee and Type 2 Diabetes Risk 141Nathan V. Matusheski, Siamak Bidel, and Jaakko Tuomilehto8.1 Introduction 1418.2 Observational associations between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes risk 1428.3 Coffee preparation 1548.4 Observational associations between coffee consumption and diabetes risk factors 1568.5 Intervention studies in human subjects 1598.6 Possible mechanisms of action 1668.7 Summary and conclusions 1709 Coffee and Cardiovascular Diseases 181Siamak Bidel and Jaakko Tuomilehto9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Coffee components and CVD 1819.3 Early, transient, or acute effects of coffee consumption on CVD 1839.4 Coffee metabolism and CVD: genetic influences 1859.5 Long-term habitual coffee consumption and CVD 1859.6 Coffee consumption and heart failure 1899.7 Coffee consumption and stroke 1899.8 Summary 19010 Coffee and Cancers 197Andre Nkondjock10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Breast cancer 19810.3 Colorectal cancer 19810.4 Prostate cancer 19910.5 Bladder cancer 19910.6 Gastric cancer 20010.7 Ovarian cancer 20110.8 Pancreatic cancer 20110.9 Liver cancer 20110.10 Head and neck cancers 20210.11 Endometrial cancer 20310.12 Kidney cancer 20410.13 Brain cancer 20410.14 Cancer survival 20410.15 Conclusions 20511 Coffee Consumption and Mortality Risk 211Kemmyo Sugiyama, Shinichi Kuriyama, and Ichiro Tsuji11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Coffee consumption and all-cause mortality 21111.3 Coffee consumption and CVD mortality 22111.4 Coffee consumption and cancer mortality 22211.5 Possible mechanism of CVD mortality reduction by coffee 22311.6 Conclusions 22312 Is Coffee the Next Red Wine? Coffee Polyphenol and Cholesterol Efflux 227Harumi Kondo, Makoto Ayaori, and Katsunori Ikewaki12.1 High-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease 22712.2 Coffee and cardiovascular disease 22712.3 Coffee polyphenols 22812.4 Coffee polyphenols and cholesterol efflux 22913 Additional Positive Impacts on Health 233Yi-Fang Chu and Yumin Chen13.1 Coffee intake and reduced risk of suicide 23313.2 Enhanced cognitive performance and mood 23513.3 Coffee bioactive compounds 23614 Epidemiological Evidence for Maternal Prenatal Coffee and Caffeine Consumption and Miscarriage Risk 243Ronna L. Chan14.1 Introduction 24314.2 Coffee consumption during pregnancy: a three-decade-old concern 24314.3 Evidence from the current literature 24414.4 Methodological concerns and limitations for studies on coffee or caffeine exposure and miscarriage 24714.5 Risk for recurrent miscarriage 25314.6 Conclusion, public health implications, and recommendations for future studies 25415 Acrylamide in Coffee 259Richard H. Stadler and Viviane Theurillat15.1 Introduction 25915.2 Methods of analysis 26015.3 Occurrence in coffee and exposure estimates 26015.4 Mechanisms of formation 26215.5 Mitigation options 26415.6 Risk assessment and risk management 26815.7 Conclusions 27016 Impact of Coffee on Gastric Acid Secretion 275Malte J. Rubach and Veronika Somoza16.1 Introduction 27516.2 Regulation of gastric acid secretion 27616.3 Effects of coffee on gastric secretion 27916.4 Optimization of coffee bean processing to reduce the gastric acid stimulatory potential of coffee 28516.5 Dietary impact on the gastric acid stimulatory potential of coffee 286 16.6 Conclusions 28717 Potential Mental Risks 293Emma Childs and Harriet de Wit17.1 Epidemiology of coffee and other forms of caffeine 29317.2 Beneficial effects of caffeine 29517.3 Risks associated with caffeine use 29617.4 Summary and conclusions 30118 Furan in Coffee 307Helmut Guenther 18.1 Introduction 30718.2 Physical and chemical properties 30718.3 Toxicology and risk assessment 30718.4 Occurrence of furan in coffee 30918.5 Conclusion 316References 316Index 319