K. Daniel Wong, Phd (Stanford), is a member of the Practice Analysis Task Force (PATF), which was organized by the IEEE Communications Society and created the initial list of topics for the WCET. After teaching at the Malaysia University of Science and Technology, he started his own training and consulting company in wireless networking and software. He often teaches a variety of highly rated and well received courses on wireless communications. In addition, he has contributed to numerous books, journal and magazine papers, and conference papers.

• FOREWORD xix PREFACE xxiI PRELIMINARIES1 Introduction 31.1 Notation 41.2 Foundations 41.3 Signals and Systems 121.4 Signaling in Communications Systems 27II RADIO FREQUENCY, ANTENNAS, AND PROPAGATION2 Introduction to Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation 372.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 372.2 Electrostatics, Current, and Magnetostatics 412.3 Time-Varying Situations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transmission Lines 462.4 Impedance 562.5 Tests and Measurements 573 Radio-Frequency Engineering 633.1 Introduction and Preliminaries 643.2 Noise 703.3 System Issues Related to Nonlinearity 803.4 Mixing and Related Issues 853.5 Oscillators and Related Issues 873.6 Amplifiers and Related Issues 893.7 Other Components 904 Antennas 934.1 Characterization 944.2 Examples 1054.3 Antenna Arrays 1114.4 Practical Issues: Connecting to Antennas, Tuning, and so on 1225 Propagation 1255.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Common Effects 1265.2 Large-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 1325.3 Small-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 1375.4 Incorporating Fading Effects in the Link Budget 148III WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES6 Introduction to Wireless Access Technologies 1596.1 Review of Digital Signal Processing 1606.2 Digital Communications for Wireless Access Systems 1696.3 The Cellular Concept 1736.4 Spread Spectrum 1776.5 OFDM 1857 Component Technologies 1937.1 Medium Access Control 1937.2 Handoff 2027.3 Power Control 2087.4 Error Correction Codes 2108 Examples of Air-Interface Standards: GSM, IS-95, WiFi 2198.1 GSM 2208.2 IS-95 CDMA 2268.3 IEEE 802.11 WiFi 2359 Recent Trends and Developments 2499.1 Third-Generation CDMA-Based Systems 2499.2 Emerging Technologies for Wireless Access 2539.3 HSPA and HRPD 2589.4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 2629.5 LTE 2709.6 What's Next? 273IV NETWORK AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURES10 Introduction to Network and Service Architectures 27710.1 Review of Fundamental Networking Concepts 27810.2 Architectures 28510.3 IP Networking 29010.4 Teletraffic Analysis 30111 GSM and IP: Ingredients of Convergence 30711.1 GSM 30811.2 VoIP 31511.3 QoS 32312 Toward an All-IP Core Network 33312.1 Making IP Work with Wireless 33312.2 GPRS 34112.3 Evolution from GSM to UMTS up to the Introduction of IMS 34612.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem 35412.5 Other Networks 36213 Service Architectures, Alternative Architectures, and Looking Ahead 36713.1 Services 36713.2 Service Architectures 37113.3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 37913.4 Mesh, Sensor, and Vehicular Networks 384V MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS14 Network Management 39314.1 Requirements and Concepts 39314.2 Network Management Models 39414.3 SNMP 39715 Security 41515.1 Basic Concepts 41515.2 Cryptography 41915.3 Network Security Protocols 42215.4 Wireless Security 43216 Facilities Infrastructure 44316.1 Communications Towers 44416.3 Additional Topics 46217 Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations 46717.1 Agreements 46817.2 Standards 46917.3 Policies 47817.4 Regulations 479EXERCISE SOLUTIONS 487APPENDIX A: SOME FORMULAS AND IDENTITIES 497APPENDIX B: WCET GLOSSARY EQUATION INDEX 499APPENDIX C: WCET EXAM TIPS 501APPENDIX D: SYMBOLS 503APPENDIX E: ACRONYMS 509INDEX 519

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K. Daniel Wong, Phd (Stanford), is a member of the Practice Analysis Task Force (PATF), which was organized by the IEEE Communications Society and created the initial list of topics for the WCET. After teaching at the Malaysia University of Science and Technology, he started his own training and consulting company in wireless networking and software. He often teaches a variety of highly rated and well received courses on wireless communications. In addition, he has contributed to numerous books, journal and magazine papers, and conference papers.

• FOREWORD xix PREFACE xxiI PRELIMINARIES1 Introduction 31.1 Notation 41.2 Foundations 41.3 Signals and Systems 121.4 Signaling in Communications Systems 27II RADIO FREQUENCY, ANTENNAS, AND PROPAGATION2 Introduction to Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation 372.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 372.2 Electrostatics, Current, and Magnetostatics 412.3 Time-Varying Situations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transmission Lines 462.4 Impedance 562.5 Tests and Measurements 573 Radio-Frequency Engineering 633.1 Introduction and Preliminaries 643.2 Noise 703.3 System Issues Related to Nonlinearity 803.4 Mixing and Related Issues 853.5 Oscillators and Related Issues 873.6 Amplifiers and Related Issues 893.7 Other Components 904 Antennas 934.1 Characterization 944.2 Examples 1054.3 Antenna Arrays 1114.4 Practical Issues: Connecting to Antennas, Tuning, and so on 1225 Propagation 1255.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Common Effects 1265.2 Large-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 1325.3 Small-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 1375.4 Incorporating Fading Effects in the Link Budget 148III WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES6 Introduction to Wireless Access Technologies 1596.1 Review of Digital Signal Processing 1606.2 Digital Communications for Wireless Access Systems 1696.3 The Cellular Concept 1736.4 Spread Spectrum 1776.5 OFDM 1857 Component Technologies 1937.1 Medium Access Control 1937.2 Handoff 2027.3 Power Control 2087.4 Error Correction Codes 2108 Examples of Air-Interface Standards: GSM, IS-95, WiFi 2198.1 GSM 2208.2 IS-95 CDMA 2268.3 IEEE 802.11 WiFi 2359 Recent Trends and Developments 2499.1 Third-Generation CDMA-Based Systems 2499.2 Emerging Technologies for Wireless Access 2539.3 HSPA and HRPD 2589.4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 2629.5 LTE 2709.6 What's Next? 273IV NETWORK AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURES10 Introduction to Network and Service Architectures 27710.1 Review of Fundamental Networking Concepts 27810.2 Architectures 28510.3 IP Networking 29010.4 Teletraffic Analysis 30111 GSM and IP: Ingredients of Convergence 30711.1 GSM 30811.2 VoIP 31511.3 QoS 32312 Toward an All-IP Core Network 33312.1 Making IP Work with Wireless 33312.2 GPRS 34112.3 Evolution from GSM to UMTS up to the Introduction of IMS 34612.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem 35412.5 Other Networks 36213 Service Architectures, Alternative Architectures, and Looking Ahead 36713.1 Services 36713.2 Service Architectures 37113.3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 37913.4 Mesh, Sensor, and Vehicular Networks 384V MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS14 Network Management 39314.1 Requirements and Concepts 39314.2 Network Management Models 39414.3 SNMP 39715 Security 41515.1 Basic Concepts 41515.2 Cryptography 41915.3 Network Security Protocols 42215.4 Wireless Security 43216 Facilities Infrastructure 44316.1 Communications Towers 44416.3 Additional Topics 46217 Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations 46717.1 Agreements 46817.2 Standards 46917.3 Policies 47817.4 Regulations 479EXERCISE SOLUTIONS 487APPENDIX A: SOME FORMULAS AND IDENTITIES 497APPENDIX B: WCET GLOSSARY EQUATION INDEX 499APPENDIX C: WCET EXAM TIPS 501APPENDIX D: SYMBOLS 503APPENDIX E: ACRONYMS 509INDEX 519

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K. Daniel Wong, Phd (Stanford), is a member of the Practice Analysis Task Force (PATF), which was organized by the IEEE Communications Society and created the initial list of topics for the WCET. After teaching at the Malaysia University of Science and Technology, he started his own training and consulting company in wireless networking and software. He often teaches a variety of highly rated and well received courses on wireless communications. In addition, he has contributed to numerous books, journal and magazine papers, and conference papers.

• FOREWORD xix PREFACE xxiI PRELIMINARIES1 Introduction 31.1 Notation 41.2 Foundations 41.3 Signals and Systems 121.4 Signaling in Communications Systems 27II RADIO FREQUENCY, ANTENNAS, AND PROPAGATION2 Introduction to Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation 372.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 372.2 Electrostatics, Current, and Magnetostatics 412.3 Time-Varying Situations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transmission Lines 462.4 Impedance 562.5 Tests and Measurements 573 Radio-Frequency Engineering 633.1 Introduction and Preliminaries 643.2 Noise 703.3 System Issues Related to Nonlinearity 803.4 Mixing and Related Issues 853.5 Oscillators and Related Issues 873.6 Amplifiers and Related Issues 893.7 Other Components 904 Antennas 934.1 Characterization 944.2 Examples 1054.3 Antenna Arrays 1114.4 Practical Issues: Connecting to Antennas, Tuning, and so on 1225 Propagation 1255.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Common Effects 1265.2 Large-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 1325.3 Small-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 1375.4 Incorporating Fading Effects in the Link Budget 148III WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES6 Introduction to Wireless Access Technologies 1596.1 Review of Digital Signal Processing 1606.2 Digital Communications for Wireless Access Systems 1696.3 The Cellular Concept 1736.4 Spread Spectrum 1776.5 OFDM 1857 Component Technologies 1937.1 Medium Access Control 1937.2 Handoff 2027.3 Power Control 2087.4 Error Correction Codes 2108 Examples of Air-Interface Standards: GSM, IS-95, WiFi 2198.1 GSM 2208.2 IS-95 CDMA 2268.3 IEEE 802.11 WiFi 2359 Recent Trends and Developments 2499.1 Third-Generation CDMA-Based Systems 2499.2 Emerging Technologies for Wireless Access 2539.3 HSPA and HRPD 2589.4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 2629.5 LTE 2709.6 What's Next? 273IV NETWORK AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURES10 Introduction to Network and Service Architectures 27710.1 Review of Fundamental Networking Concepts 27810.2 Architectures 28510.3 IP Networking 29010.4 Teletraffic Analysis 30111 GSM and IP: Ingredients of Convergence 30711.1 GSM 30811.2 VoIP 31511.3 QoS 32312 Toward an All-IP Core Network 33312.1 Making IP Work with Wireless 33312.2 GPRS 34112.3 Evolution from GSM to UMTS up to the Introduction of IMS 34612.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem 35412.5 Other Networks 36213 Service Architectures, Alternative Architectures, and Looking Ahead 36713.1 Services 36713.2 Service Architectures 37113.3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 37913.4 Mesh, Sensor, and Vehicular Networks 384V MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS14 Network Management 39314.1 Requirements and Concepts 39314.2 Network Management Models 39414.3 SNMP 39715 Security 41515.1 Basic Concepts 41515.2 Cryptography 41915.3 Network Security Protocols 42215.4 Wireless Security 43216 Facilities Infrastructure 44316.1 Communications Towers 44416.3 Additional Topics 46217 Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations 46717.1 Agreements 46817.2 Standards 46917.3 Policies 47817.4 Regulations 479EXERCISE SOLUTIONS 487APPENDIX A: SOME FORMULAS AND IDENTITIES 497APPENDIX B: WCET GLOSSARY EQUATION INDEX 499APPENDIX C: WCET EXAM TIPS 501APPENDIX D: SYMBOLS 503APPENDIX E: ACRONYMS 509INDEX 519

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