Dr Feng Zheng, University of Duisburg-Essen, GermanyFeng Zheng received his Ph.D. degree from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1993. He held an Alexander-von-Humboldt Research Fellowship at University of Duisburg and was an Associate Professor in Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr Thomas Kaiser, University of Duisburg-Essen, GermanyThomas Kaiser received the Ph.D. degree in 1995 with distinction and the German habilitation degree in 2000, both from Gerhard-Mercator-University, Duisburg, and in electrical engineering.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiAbbreviations xv1 Introduction 11.1 What is RFID? 11.2 A Brief History of RFID 21.3 Motivation and Scope of this Book 21.4 Notations 5References 52 Fundamentals of RFID Systems 62.1 Operating Principles 62.2 Passive, Semi-Passive/Semi-Active and Active RFID 82.3 Analogue Circuits for RFID 102.4 Circuit Analysis for Signal Transfer in RFID 112.4.1 Equivalent Circuit of Antennas in Generic Communication Links 122.4.2 Load Modulation 132.4.3 Backscattering Modulation 152.5 Signal Analysis of RFID Systems 172.5.1 Qualitative Analysis 172.5.2 Quantitative Analysis 192.6 Statistical Channel Models 212.6.1 Backgrounds of Rayleigh, Ricean and Nakagami Fading 212.6.2 Statistical Channel Models of RFID Systems 262.6.3 Large Scale Path Loss 272.7 A Review of RFID Protocol 282.7.1 Physical Layer 292.7.2 MAC Layer 322.8 Challenges in RFID 362.9 Summary 36Appendix 2.A Modified Bessel Function of the First Kind 37References 383 Basic Signal Processing for RFID 403.1 Bandpass Filters and their Applications to RFID 403.1.1 Lowpass Filter Performance Specification 403.1.2 Lowpass Filter Design 423.1.3 Bandpass Filter Design 473.1.4 Bandpass Filters for RFID Systems 493.2 Matching Filters and their Applications to RFID 543.3 A Review of Optimal Estimation 583.3.1 Linear Least Square Estimation 583.3.2 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation 593.3.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 613.3.4 Comparison of the Three Estimation Algorithms 623.4 Summary 64Appendix 3.A Derivation of Poles of the Chebyshev Filter 67References 684 RFID-Oriented Modulation Schemes 694.1 A Brief Review of Analogue Modulation 694.2 Amplitude- and Phase-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 724.2.1 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 724.2.2 Symbol Error Rate Analysis of M-QAM 744.2.3 Numerical Results for M-QAM 804.3 Phase-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 814.4 Frequency-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 854.5 Summary 90Appendix 4.A Derivation of SER Formula (4.24) 91Appendix 4.B Derivation of SER Formula (4.40) 93References 945 MIMO for RFID 955.1 Introduction 955.2 MIMO Principle 975.3 Channel Modelling of RFID-MIMO Wireless Systems 1005.4 Design of Reader Transmit Signals 1025.4.1 Signal Design 1025.4.2 Simulation Results 1035.5 Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1055.5.1 A Review of Real Orthogonal Design 1055.5.2 Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1105.5.3 Two Space-Time Decoding Approaches for RFID-MIMO Systems 1115.5.4 Simulation Results 1135.6 Differential Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1225.6.1 A Review of Unitary DSTC 1225.6.2 Application of Unitary DTSC to RFID 1255.6.3 Simulation Results 1265.7 Summary 127Appendix 5.A Alamouti Space-Time Coding for Narrowband Systems 129Appendix 5.B Definition of Group 133Appendix 5.C Complex Matrix/Vector Gaussian Distribution 133Appendix 5.D Maximum Likelihood Receiver for Unitary STC 134References 1366 Blind Signal Processing for RFID 1386.1 Introduction 1386.2 Channel Model of Multiple-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.2.1 Channel Model of Single-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.2.2 Channel Model of Multiple-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.3 An Analytical Constant Modulus Algorithm 1436.4 Application of ACMA to Multiple-Tag RFID Systems 1506.5 Summary 160References 1647 Anti-Collision of Multiple-Tag RFID Systems 1667.1 Introduction 1667.2 Tree-Splitting Algorithms 1687.2.1 Mean Identification Delay 1717.2.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach I 1737.2.3 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach II 1757.2.4 Numerical Results 1857.2.5 Variants of TS Algorithms 1947.3 Aloha-Based Algorithm 1947.3.1 Mean Identification Delay 1957.3.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency 1977.3.3 Numerical Results 1987.3.4 Adaptive Frame Size Aloha Algorithms 2007.4 Summary 212Appendix 7.A Inclusion-Exclusion Principle 213Appendix 7.B Probability of Successful Transmissions in Some Particular Time Slots in Aloha 214Appendix 7.C Probability of an Exact Number of Successful Transmissions in Aloha 215References 2178 Localization with RFID 2208.1 Introduction 2208.2 RFID Localization 2238.2.1 Geometric Class 2248.2.2 Proximity Class 2288.3 RFID Ranging – Frequency-Domain PDoA Approach 2328.4 RFID AoA Finding – Spatial-Domain PDoA 2358.5 NLoS Issue 2418.6 Summary 244References 2459 Some Future Perspectives for RFID 249

Dr Feng Zheng, University of Duisburg-Essen, GermanyFeng Zheng received his Ph.D. degree from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1993. He held an Alexander-von-Humboldt Research Fellowship at University of Duisburg and was an Associate Professor in Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr Thomas Kaiser, University of Duisburg-Essen, GermanyThomas Kaiser received the Ph.D. degree in 1995 with distinction and the German habilitation degree in 2000, both from Gerhard-Mercator-University, Duisburg, and in electrical engineering.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiAbbreviations xv1 Introduction 11.1 What is RFID? 11.2 A Brief History of RFID 21.3 Motivation and Scope of this Book 21.4 Notations 5References 52 Fundamentals of RFID Systems 62.1 Operating Principles 62.2 Passive, Semi-Passive/Semi-Active and Active RFID 82.3 Analogue Circuits for RFID 102.4 Circuit Analysis for Signal Transfer in RFID 112.4.1 Equivalent Circuit of Antennas in Generic Communication Links 122.4.2 Load Modulation 132.4.3 Backscattering Modulation 152.5 Signal Analysis of RFID Systems 172.5.1 Qualitative Analysis 172.5.2 Quantitative Analysis 192.6 Statistical Channel Models 212.6.1 Backgrounds of Rayleigh, Ricean and Nakagami Fading 212.6.2 Statistical Channel Models of RFID Systems 262.6.3 Large Scale Path Loss 272.7 A Review of RFID Protocol 282.7.1 Physical Layer 292.7.2 MAC Layer 322.8 Challenges in RFID 362.9 Summary 36Appendix 2.A Modified Bessel Function of the First Kind 37References 383 Basic Signal Processing for RFID 403.1 Bandpass Filters and their Applications to RFID 403.1.1 Lowpass Filter Performance Specification 403.1.2 Lowpass Filter Design 423.1.3 Bandpass Filter Design 473.1.4 Bandpass Filters for RFID Systems 493.2 Matching Filters and their Applications to RFID 543.3 A Review of Optimal Estimation 583.3.1 Linear Least Square Estimation 583.3.2 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation 593.3.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 613.3.4 Comparison of the Three Estimation Algorithms 623.4 Summary 64Appendix 3.A Derivation of Poles of the Chebyshev Filter 67References 684 RFID-Oriented Modulation Schemes 694.1 A Brief Review of Analogue Modulation 694.2 Amplitude- and Phase-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 724.2.1 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 724.2.2 Symbol Error Rate Analysis of M-QAM 744.2.3 Numerical Results for M-QAM 804.3 Phase-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 814.4 Frequency-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 854.5 Summary 90Appendix 4.A Derivation of SER Formula (4.24) 91Appendix 4.B Derivation of SER Formula (4.40) 93References 945 MIMO for RFID 955.1 Introduction 955.2 MIMO Principle 975.3 Channel Modelling of RFID-MIMO Wireless Systems 1005.4 Design of Reader Transmit Signals 1025.4.1 Signal Design 1025.4.2 Simulation Results 1035.5 Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1055.5.1 A Review of Real Orthogonal Design 1055.5.2 Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1105.5.3 Two Space-Time Decoding Approaches for RFID-MIMO Systems 1115.5.4 Simulation Results 1135.6 Differential Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1225.6.1 A Review of Unitary DSTC 1225.6.2 Application of Unitary DTSC to RFID 1255.6.3 Simulation Results 1265.7 Summary 127Appendix 5.A Alamouti Space-Time Coding for Narrowband Systems 129Appendix 5.B Definition of Group 133Appendix 5.C Complex Matrix/Vector Gaussian Distribution 133Appendix 5.D Maximum Likelihood Receiver for Unitary STC 134References 1366 Blind Signal Processing for RFID 1386.1 Introduction 1386.2 Channel Model of Multiple-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.2.1 Channel Model of Single-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.2.2 Channel Model of Multiple-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.3 An Analytical Constant Modulus Algorithm 1436.4 Application of ACMA to Multiple-Tag RFID Systems 1506.5 Summary 160References 1647 Anti-Collision of Multiple-Tag RFID Systems 1667.1 Introduction 1667.2 Tree-Splitting Algorithms 1687.2.1 Mean Identification Delay 1717.2.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach I 1737.2.3 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach II 1757.2.4 Numerical Results 1857.2.5 Variants of TS Algorithms 1947.3 Aloha-Based Algorithm 1947.3.1 Mean Identification Delay 1957.3.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency 1977.3.3 Numerical Results 1987.3.4 Adaptive Frame Size Aloha Algorithms 2007.4 Summary 212Appendix 7.A Inclusion-Exclusion Principle 213Appendix 7.B Probability of Successful Transmissions in Some Particular Time Slots in Aloha 214Appendix 7.C Probability of an Exact Number of Successful Transmissions in Aloha 215References 2178 Localization with RFID 2208.1 Introduction 2208.2 RFID Localization 2238.2.1 Geometric Class 2248.2.2 Proximity Class 2288.3 RFID Ranging – Frequency-Domain PDoA Approach 2328.4 RFID AoA Finding – Spatial-Domain PDoA 2358.5 NLoS Issue 2418.6 Summary 244References 2459 Some Future Perspectives for RFID 249

Dr Feng Zheng, University of Duisburg-Essen, GermanyFeng Zheng received his Ph.D. degree from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1993. He held an Alexander-von-Humboldt Research Fellowship at University of Duisburg and was an Associate Professor in Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr Thomas Kaiser, University of Duisburg-Essen, GermanyThomas Kaiser received the Ph.D. degree in 1995 with distinction and the German habilitation degree in 2000, both from Gerhard-Mercator-University, Duisburg, and in electrical engineering.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiAbbreviations xv1 Introduction 11.1 What is RFID? 11.2 A Brief History of RFID 21.3 Motivation and Scope of this Book 21.4 Notations 5References 52 Fundamentals of RFID Systems 62.1 Operating Principles 62.2 Passive, Semi-Passive/Semi-Active and Active RFID 82.3 Analogue Circuits for RFID 102.4 Circuit Analysis for Signal Transfer in RFID 112.4.1 Equivalent Circuit of Antennas in Generic Communication Links 122.4.2 Load Modulation 132.4.3 Backscattering Modulation 152.5 Signal Analysis of RFID Systems 172.5.1 Qualitative Analysis 172.5.2 Quantitative Analysis 192.6 Statistical Channel Models 212.6.1 Backgrounds of Rayleigh, Ricean and Nakagami Fading 212.6.2 Statistical Channel Models of RFID Systems 262.6.3 Large Scale Path Loss 272.7 A Review of RFID Protocol 282.7.1 Physical Layer 292.7.2 MAC Layer 322.8 Challenges in RFID 362.9 Summary 36Appendix 2.A Modified Bessel Function of the First Kind 37References 383 Basic Signal Processing for RFID 403.1 Bandpass Filters and their Applications to RFID 403.1.1 Lowpass Filter Performance Specification 403.1.2 Lowpass Filter Design 423.1.3 Bandpass Filter Design 473.1.4 Bandpass Filters for RFID Systems 493.2 Matching Filters and their Applications to RFID 543.3 A Review of Optimal Estimation 583.3.1 Linear Least Square Estimation 583.3.2 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation 593.3.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 613.3.4 Comparison of the Three Estimation Algorithms 623.4 Summary 64Appendix 3.A Derivation of Poles of the Chebyshev Filter 67References 684 RFID-Oriented Modulation Schemes 694.1 A Brief Review of Analogue Modulation 694.2 Amplitude- and Phase-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 724.2.1 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 724.2.2 Symbol Error Rate Analysis of M-QAM 744.2.3 Numerical Results for M-QAM 804.3 Phase-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 814.4 Frequency-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 854.5 Summary 90Appendix 4.A Derivation of SER Formula (4.24) 91Appendix 4.B Derivation of SER Formula (4.40) 93References 945 MIMO for RFID 955.1 Introduction 955.2 MIMO Principle 975.3 Channel Modelling of RFID-MIMO Wireless Systems 1005.4 Design of Reader Transmit Signals 1025.4.1 Signal Design 1025.4.2 Simulation Results 1035.5 Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1055.5.1 A Review of Real Orthogonal Design 1055.5.2 Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1105.5.3 Two Space-Time Decoding Approaches for RFID-MIMO Systems 1115.5.4 Simulation Results 1135.6 Differential Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems 1225.6.1 A Review of Unitary DSTC 1225.6.2 Application of Unitary DTSC to RFID 1255.6.3 Simulation Results 1265.7 Summary 127Appendix 5.A Alamouti Space-Time Coding for Narrowband Systems 129Appendix 5.B Definition of Group 133Appendix 5.C Complex Matrix/Vector Gaussian Distribution 133Appendix 5.D Maximum Likelihood Receiver for Unitary STC 134References 1366 Blind Signal Processing for RFID 1386.1 Introduction 1386.2 Channel Model of Multiple-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.2.1 Channel Model of Single-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.2.2 Channel Model of Multiple-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems 1416.3 An Analytical Constant Modulus Algorithm 1436.4 Application of ACMA to Multiple-Tag RFID Systems 1506.5 Summary 160References 1647 Anti-Collision of Multiple-Tag RFID Systems 1667.1 Introduction 1667.2 Tree-Splitting Algorithms 1687.2.1 Mean Identification Delay 1717.2.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach I 1737.2.3 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach II 1757.2.4 Numerical Results 1857.2.5 Variants of TS Algorithms 1947.3 Aloha-Based Algorithm 1947.3.1 Mean Identification Delay 1957.3.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency 1977.3.3 Numerical Results 1987.3.4 Adaptive Frame Size Aloha Algorithms 2007.4 Summary 212Appendix 7.A Inclusion-Exclusion Principle 213Appendix 7.B Probability of Successful Transmissions in Some Particular Time Slots in Aloha 214Appendix 7.C Probability of an Exact Number of Successful Transmissions in Aloha 215References 2178 Localization with RFID 2208.1 Introduction 2208.2 RFID Localization 2238.2.1 Geometric Class 2248.2.2 Proximity Class 2288.3 RFID Ranging – Frequency-Domain PDoA Approach 2328.4 RFID AoA Finding – Spatial-Domain PDoA 2358.5 NLoS Issue 2418.6 Summary 244References 2459 Some Future Perspectives for RFID 249