Smart Grids

Nourredine Hadjsaïd is Professor at Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble in France, Director of the IDEA Consortium and a member of the International Energy Agency. Jean-Claude Sabonnadière is Emeritus Professor at the Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble in France. He is also an advisor to the President of the Industrial Cluster TENERRDIS (Alternative Energies), a consultant on energy systems and innovation, Life Fellow of the IEEE (USA), Fellow of IEE (UK), Emeritus of SEE (France).

• Foreword xvRonnie BELMANSChapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives 1Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE1.1. Introduction 11.1.1. The new energy paradigm 11.2. Information and communication technologies serving the electrical system 51.3. Integration of advanced technologies 71.4. The European energy perspective 101.5. Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector) 151.6. Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids 161.7. Definitions of SmartGrids 171.8. Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept 181.8.1. Specific case of transmission grids 181.8.2. Specific case of distribution grids 191.8.3. The desired development of distribution networks: towards smarter grids 201.9. Socio-economic and environmental objectives 211.10. Stakeholders involved the implementation of the SmartGrid concept 221.11. Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid 231.11.1. Examples of the development of innovative concepts 231.11.2. Scientific, technological, commercial and sociological challenges 281.12. Preparing the competences needed for the development of SmartGrids 301.13. Conclusion 301.14. Bibliography 31Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer: the Paradigm Shift 33Catherine FAILLIET2.1. Key trends 332.1.1. The crisis 332.1.2. Environmental awareness 352.1.3. New technologies 352.2. The evolution of the individual’s relationship to energy 372.2.1. Curiosity 372.2.2. The need for transparency 382.2.3. Responsibility 382.3. The historical model of energy companies 392.3.1. Incumbents in a natural monopoly 392.3.2. A clear focus on technical knowledge 402.3.3. Undeveloped customer relationships 402.4. SmartGrids from the customer’s point of view 422.4.1. The first step: the data revolution 422.4.2. The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem 452.4.3. The consumers’ reluctance 472.5. What about possible business models? 492.5.1. An unprecedented global buzz… and the search for a business model 492.5.2. Government research into a virtuous model of regulation 522.5.3. An opening for new stakeholders 542.6. Bibliography 56Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids 57Hervé MIGNON3.1. A changing energy context: the development of renewable energies 583.2. A changing energy context: new modes of consumption 623.3. New challenges 683.4. An evolving transmission grid 723.5. Conclusion 763.6. Bibliography 77Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems 79Jean-Louis COULLON4.1. Introduction 794.2. Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies 804.2.1. Characterization of distributed renewable production 814.2.2. Integrating renewable energies into the management process 834.3. Demand response 874.4. Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles 904.4.1. New storage methods 904.4.2. Microgrids 914.4.3. Electric vehicles 924.5. Managing high voltage direct current connections 924.6. Grid reliability analysis 944.6.1. Model-based stability analysis 944.6.2. Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor measurement units 954.6.3. Dynamic limits . 974.6.4. Self-healing grids 984.7. Smart asset management 994.8. Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs 1024.8.1. The need for pilot projects 1024.8.2. Incentives for investment in grid reliability 1034.8.3. Renewables 1034.8.4. Investment incentives for energy efficiency 1034.8.5. Cost/profit allocation 1044.8.6. New regulatory frameworks 1044.9. Standards 1054.9.1. The case of smart grids 1054.9.2. Work in progress 1064.9.3. Cooperation 1074.10. System architecture items 1074.10.1. Broaden the vision 1084.10.2. Taking vertical changes into consideration 1124.10.3. Developing integration tools 1124.11. Acknowledgements 1134.12. Bibliography 113Chapter 5. The Distribution System Operator at the Heart of the SmartGrid Revolution 115Pierre MALLET5.1. Brief overview of some of the general elements of electrical distribution grids 1165.2. The current changes: toward greater complexity 1175.3. Smart grids enable the transition to carbon-free energy 1185.4. The different constituents of SmartGrids 1185.5. Smart Life 1195.6. Smart Operation 1205.7. Smart Metering 1215.7.1. The Linky project 1215.7.2. New services for customers 1225.7.3. Smart meters can significantly modernize grid management 1225.8. Smart Services 1235.9. Smart local optimization 1235.9.1. Distributed generation 1245.9.2. Active management of demand 1265.9.3. Means of distributed storage 1265.9.4. New uses including electric vehicles 1275.9.5. Local optimization of the system 1285.10. The distributor ERDF is at the heart of future SmartGrids 1285.11. Bibliography 129Chapter 6. Architecture, Planning and Reconfiguration of Distribution Grids 131Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ, Raphaël CAIRE and Bertrand RAISON6.1. Introduction 1316.2. The structure of distribution grids 1336.2.1. High voltage/medium voltage delivery stations 1336.2.2. Meshed and looped grids 1356.2.3. Types of conductor 1386.2.4. Underground/overhead 1396.2.5. MV/LV substations 1406.3. Planning of the distribution grids 1406.3.1. Principles of planning/engineering 1416.3.2. All criteria to be met by the proposed architectures 1436.3.3. Example on a secured feeder grid 1436.3.4. Long-term and short-term planning 1486.3.5. The impact of connecting DGs on the MV grid structure 1556.3.6. Increasing the DG insertion rate in the grid 1626.3.7. Proposal for a new looped architecture: the hybrid structure 1646.4. Reconfiguration for the reduction of power losses 1666.4.1. The problem of copper losses 1666.4.2. Mathematic formulation of the optimization problem 1696.4.3. Combinatorial optimization 1766.4.4. Different approaches to finding the optimal configuration 1816.4.5. Reconfiguration of the partially meshed grids 1916.5. Bibliography 193Chapter 7. Energy Management and Decision-aiding Tools 197Yvon BÉSANGER, Bertrand RAISON, Raphaël CAIRE and Tran-Quoc TUAN7.1. Introduction 1977.2. Voltage control 1987.2.1. Introduction to voltage control in distribution networks 1987.2.2. Voltage control in current distribution networks 1997.2.3. Voltage control in distribution networks with dispersed generation 1997.2.4. Voltage control conclusion 2107.3. Protection schemes 2117.3.1. MV protection scheme 2127.3.2. Neutral grounding modes 2147.3.3. Fault characteristics 2157.3.4. Power outages 2167.3.5. Impact of decentralized production on the operation of protections of the feeder 2177.4. Reconfiguration after a fault: results of the INTEGRAL project 2217.4.1. Goals of the INTEGRAL project 2217.4.2. Demonstrator description 2217.4.3. General self-healing principles 2247.4.4. Some results 2277.5. Reliability 2317.5.1. Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation 2327.5.2. Conclusion on reliability 2397.6. Bibliography 240Chapter 8. Integration of Vehicles with Rechargeable Batteries into Distribution Networks 243Florent CADOUX and George GROSS8.1. The revolution of individual electrical transport 2448.1.1. An increasingly credible technology 2448.1.2. Example: the Fluence ZE 2448.1.3. What are the consequences on the electrical network? 2458.1.4. Demand management and vehicle-to-grid 2468.2 Vehicles as “active loads” 2468.2.1. Energetic services 2478.2.2. Frequency regulation 2488.2.3. Load reserve and shedding 2488.2.4. Other services 2498.3. Economic impacts 2508.3.1. A potentially lucrative but limited market 2508.3.2. New business models 2508.3.3. Market integration 2528.4. Environmental impacts 2528.4.1. Synergy with intermittent sources 2528.4.2. Energetic efficiency 2538.4.3. Other advantages 2538.4.4. Evaluating environmental impacts 2548.5. Technological challenges 2548.5.1. Architecture 2558.5.2. Communication infrastructure 2558.5.3. Control strategy 2568.5.4. Feedback 2568.6. Uncertainty factors 2578.6.1. Electric vehicle adoption 2578.6.2. Viability of demand management 2578.6.3. Technological factors 2588.6.4. Economic factors 2588.7. Conclusion 2598.8. Bibliography 259Chapter 9. How Information and Communication Technologies Will Shape SmartGrids 263Gilles PRIVAT9.1. Introduction 2639.2. Control decentralization 2649.2.1. Why smart grids will not be “intelligent networks” 2649.2.2. From the “home area network” to the “smart home grid”: extension of the local data network to the electrical grid for the home 2659.2.3. The “smart home grid” for the local optimization of energy efficiency 2679.2.4. From the home to microgrids: towards the autonomous control of subnetworks 2709.3. Interoperability and connectivity 2709.3.1. “Utility computing”: when the electrical grid is a model for information technologies 2709.3.2. Avatars of connectivity, when moving up from the physical layer to information models 2719.4. From synchronism to asynchronism 2739.4.1. Absolute and relative low-level and top-level synchronism 2739.4.2. From asynchronous data to asynchronous electricity 2749.4.3. From data packets to energy packets 2759.5. Future Internet for SmartGrids 2779.5.1. Towards a shared infrastructure for SmartGrids and physical networks: sensors 2779.5.2. Towards a shared infrastructure: SmartGrids in the cloud 2789.6. Conclusion 2799.7. Bibliography 280Chapter 10. Information Systems in the Metering and Management of the Grid 281Hervé BARANCOURT10.1. Introduction 28110.1.1. Classification of the information systems 28110.1.2. Approach 28310.2. The metering information system 28310.2.1. Presentation of the metering system 28310.2.2. Architecture of the metering system 28610.2.3. The manipulated data 29110.2.4. The deployment of a metering system 29310.3. Information system metering in the management of the grid 29510.3.1. Links with IS management of the distribution network 29510.3.2. The SmartGrid triptych 29610.4. Conclusion: urbanization of the metering system 29710.4.1. Two approaches 29710.4.2. The “pro’sumer’s” information 29810.4.3. Summary 29910.5. Bibliography 300Chapter 11. Smart Meters and SmartGrids: an Economic Approach 301Jacques PERCEBOIS11.1. “Demand response”: a consequence of opening the electricity industry and the rise in environmental concerns 30211.1.1. The specific features of electricity 30211.1.2. The impact of introducing competition 30311.1.3. The impact of the objectives for reducing CO2 emissions 30611.2. Traditional regulation via pricing is no longer sufficient to avoid the risk of “failure” during peaks 30611.2.1. Coping with failures 30611.2.2. Expensive advanced means reduces the incentive to invest 30711.2.3. Emphasizing the seasonal differentiation of prices 30811.3. Smart meters: a tool for withdrawal and market capacity 31111.3.1. Towards a market of withdrawal 31111.3.2 Who is financing the installation of the meters? 31411.3.3. What are the economic results of the operation? 31411.4. From smart meters to SmartGrids – the results 31711.5. Bibliography 319Chapter 12. The Regulation of SmartGrids 321Didier LAFFAILLE12.1. The regulation and funding of SmartGrids 32112.1.1. Must R&D expenditure be submitted to an incentive mechanism? 32212.1.2. How to cope with the deployment costs of SmartGrids? 32312.1.3. Which investments will be supported by transmission tariffs and to what extent? 32312.1.4. Should cooperation be established? 32312.2. Regulation and economic models 32412.3. Evolution of the value chain 32612.3.1. How will the energy and ICT sectors work together? 32612.3.2. What will be the role of consumers and new players in the value chain? 32812.4. The emergence of a business model for smart grids 32912.4.1. Do we need an energy regulatory framework to enhance the deployment of SmartGrids within Europe? 32912.4.2. What variation is there in France? 33112.5. Regulation can assist in the emergence of SmartGrids 33312.5.1. How to ensure that system operators will account for public interest in their investment decisions? 33412.5.2. The Linky smart meter 33412.5.3. How to finance investments in SmartGrids? 33712.5.4. Which energy regulatory framework should be used to encourage efficient investments in the SmartGrids? 33712.5.5. What kind of development in prices would be acceptable for the consumer? 33812.5.6. How else can the energy regulator facilitate the development of a SmartGrid system? 33812.6. The business models are yet to be created 33912.7. The standardization of SmartGrids 34012.7.1. Why is standardization an essential factor in efficiently developing the electrical system? 34012.7.2. Is standardization a response to the need for interoperability in SmartGrids? 34212.7.3. What standardization efforts are being made for SmartGrids in Europe? 34412.7.4. Is standardization an important commercial issue for the European sector? 34612.8. Conclusion 34712.9. Bibliography 348List of Authors 351Index 355