Power Systems and Restructuring

Nourredine Hadjsaïd, Grenoble INP, France. Jean-Claude Sabonnadière, INPG, Grenoble, France.

• Foreword xviiIntroduction xixPart 1. Transmission Lines and Electric Power Networks 1Chapter 1. The Two Paradigms of the World Electrical Power System 31.1. Introduction 31.2. The historical paradigm 51.4. Distributed generation 15Chapter 2. Production of Electrical Energy 17Chapter 3. General Information on Electrical Power Networks 213.1. Transmission and distribution systems 213.2. Voltages 233.3. Power transfer 25Chapter 4. Network Architecture 274.1. Network architecture: mesh or radial layout 274.2. Line and cable technologies 334.3. Network components 404.4. Short-circuit power 514.5. Real and reactive power in sinusoidal situations 55Chapter 5. Operation of Electric Lines 595.1 Operational equations (physical phenomena) 595.2. Modeling of lines under steady-state conditions 755.3. Exercises 108Chapter 6. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission 1136.1. Advantages, disadvantages and fields of application 1146.2. HVDC link between two points 1156.3. Operating equations 123Chapter 7. Three-phase Transmission Lines 1277.1. Line characteristics 1277.2. Equations of three-phase lines 1347.3. Modes of propagation 1367.4. Exercise No. 11: calculation of parameters of three-phase lines 147Chapter 8. Electrical Transients in Transmission 1498.1. Transient analysis using Laplace transform 1508.2. Method of traveling waves 164Part 2. Analysis Methods of Electrical Power Systems 173Chapter 9. Functions of Electrical Energy Systems 1759.1. Introduction 1759.2. Hierarchy and representation of electrical power systems 179Chapter 10. Network Representation 18310.1. Graphical and topological description of a network 18310.2. Network global modeling: the CIM model 18610.3. Matrix representation of networks 187Chapter 11. Formation of Network Matrices 20711.1. Formation of the Ybus matrix 20811.2. Formation of the Zbus matrix 21011.3. Exercises 220Chapter 12. Load Flow Calculations 22312.1. Objectives 22312.2. Model of network elements 22412.3. Problem formulation 22612.4. Solution methods 22812.5. Software tools for load flow analysis 24112.6. Principle of numerical iterative methods 24112.7 Exercises 244Chapter 13. Transient Analysis Methods 24913.1. Interest in transient analysis 24913.2. Transient network analyzer 25113.3. The method of traveling waves 25313.4. Conclusions 26513.5. Exercises 266Chapter 14. Fault Current Calculations 27114.1. Definition 27114.2. Effects of short-circuit conditions 27114.3. Common causes of faults 27214.4. Importance of short-circuit current calculations 27314.5. Types of short circuits 27314.6. Notion of short-circuit power 27514.7. Polyphase balanced and unbalanced systems 27614.8. Generalization of fault calculation in complex networks 29614.9. Three-phase symmetrical fault current calculations 29614.10. Symmetrical fault current: systematic approach 29814.11. Expression of short-circuit current and short-circuit power 30214.12. Asymmetrical fault current calculations 30314.13 Exercises 319Chapter 15. Stability Analysis of Power Systems 32315.1. Objective 32315.2. Introduction 32315.3. Categories and classes of stability problems 32415.4. The equation of motion 32615.5. Simplified model of a synchronous machine 33115.6. Power-angle considerations at steady state 33315.7. Case of small perturbations 33715.8. Transient stability 33915.9. Application of equal-area criteria 34315.10. Case of a multi-machine system 35115.11 Exercise No. 22: stability and critical fault clearing time 352Part 3. Management of Electricity Networks in a Competitive Environment 355Chapter 16. Basic Electrical System 35716.1. Introduction 35716.2. Means of power generation 36116.3. Transmission network 37216.4. Distribution network 37516.5. Consumption 37716.6. System monitoring 38116.7. Need for network interconnections 38516.8. Conclusion 390Chapter 17. Liberalization of Energy Markets 39117.1. Introduction 39117.2. Main electrical system features 39317.3. Case prior to liberalization: monopoly regime 39317.4. Liberalization of energy markets: reasons for change 39617.5. Guidelines and regulations 39917.6. Liberalization of energy markets: the concept of unbundling 40117.7. Liberalization of energy markets: industrial movement 40517.8. Liberalization of energy markets: different market segments and players 40517.9. Conclusion 418Chapter 18. Description and Models of Energy Markets 41918.1. Introduction 41918.2. Organized market model type 42018.3. Bilateral market model 42418.4. Other models 42418.5. Different markets 42718.6. Interaction and coupling of markets 43018.7. Market adjustment 43118.8. Responsibilities, different markets and interactions 43318.9. Treatment of losses 43318.10. Factors influencing prices and their variation 43618.11. Conclusion 441Chapter 19. Ancillary Services 44319.1. Introduction 44319.2. Some definitions 44419.3. Frequency adjustment and control 44519.4. Voltage control 45119.5. System recovery 45519.6. Management of ancillary services 45519.7. Market-based mechanisms for ancillary services 45619.8. Cost allocation of ancillary services 46119.9. Example of cost of ancillary services 46119.10. Conclusion 461Chapter 20. Available Transmission Capability (ATC) 46520.1. Introduction 46520.2. Calculation of maximum power transfer capabilities 46720.3. Directional aspects and time line in calculating ATC 47420.4. Availability of information on ATC to market participants 47520.5. Mechanisms for allocating cross-border capacities 47620.6. Conclusion 477Chapter 21. Congestion Management 47921.1. Introduction 47921.2. Congestion phenomenon in transmission networks 48021.3. Factors influencing congestion 48121.4. Congestion and the market 48321.5. Technical resolution of congestion 48521.6. Principle of nodal pricing 48621.7. Principle of market splitting and zonal pricing 48821.8. Case of a bilateral market 49021.9. Case of re-dispatching without taking into account balance constraints of SCs 49421.10. General formulation of the re-dispatching problem 49521.11. Case of pool based on the calculation of nodal marginal prices 49821.12. Hedging the risk of congestion cost 50021.13. Conclusion 501Chapter 22. Network Access and Charges 50322.1. Introduction 50322.2. Main costs and expenses of electricity transmission 50522.3. Tariff objectives for electricity transmission 50522.4. Methods of determining costs and price setting 50622.5. Some regulation aspects of cost allocation 51522.6. French example: principles of tariffs on the public transmission system 51722.7. Tariff for network access in Europe 52122.8. Conclusion 521Part 4. Exercise Solutions 525Chapter 23. Exercise Solutions 52723.1. Exercise No. 1: per-unit system 52723.2. Exercise No. 2: parameters of single-phase line 53223.3. Exercise No. 3: power transfer 54123.4. Exercise No. 4 55023.5. Exercise No. 5 55423.6. Exercise No. 6: lossless long line 55923.7. Exercise No. 7: long three-phase line with losses 57023.8. Exercise No. 8: single-phase long line 57723.9. Exercise No. 9: series compensation of long lines 58723.10. Exercise No. 10: parameters of a single conductor 59323.11. Exercise No. 11: calculation of parameters of three-phase lines 59723.12. Exercise No. 12: construction of Zbus matrix 60723.13. Exercise No. 13: construction of network matrices 61223.14. Exercise No. 14: load flow calculations 61723.15. Exercise No. 15: power flow 63023.16. Exercise No. 16: matrices and load flow 63023.17. Exercise No. 17: transient analysis of a line 63123.18. Exercise No. 18: matrices and transient analysis 63223.19. Exercise No. 19: transfer analysis under lightning strike 63223.20. Exercise No. 20: fault current in a simple network 63323.21. Exercise No. 21: symmetrical fault on a network 64823.22 Exercise No. 22: stability and critical fault clearing time 659References 665Index 671