Polymers for Light-emitting Devices and Displays

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Rajender Boddula, PdD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters. Mohd Imran Ahamed received his Ph.D on the topic "Synthesis and characterization of inorganic-organic composite heavy metals selective cation-exchangers and their analytical applications", from Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2019. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focusses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the first prize for distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He holds multiple patents, has authored ten books and more than one thousand publications in international journals.

• Preface xi1 Applications of Polymer Light-Emitting Devices and Displays 1D. Prakash Babu, S. Naresh Kumar, N. Suresh Kumar, K. Chandra Babu Naidu and D. Baba Basha1.1 Introduction 11.2 Background 21.3 The Mechanism of Light Emission 31.4 Widely Used Polymers in PLED Applications 41.4.1 Polyfluorene-Based Luminescent Polymers 41.4.2 Polyfluorene Homo-Polymers 51.4.3 Polyfluorene Alternating Copolymers 51.4.4 Derivatives of PPV 61.4.5 Soluble Precursors of PPV 61.4.6 Derivatives of PPV for Solution-Processing 61.4.7 Polyphenylenes 71.5 Parameters to be Considered for Display Applications 71.5.1 Color Purity and Brightness 71.5.2 Light Conversion Efficiency 81.5.3 Color Stability 81.6 Applications in Large and Small Area Devices 91.6.1 Displays 91.6.1.1 Matrix and Small Segmented Displays, ≤25 cm2 91.6.2 Thin and Flat Light Sources 91.6.3 Cloth-Type PLEDs 101.6.4 PLEDs in Wearable Electronics 111.7 Conclusion 11References 112 Polymer Light-Emitting Devices by Solution Processing 15Mariya Aleksandrova2.1 Introduction 162.1.1 Materials, Design, Main Parameters, and Characteristics of PLEDs 172.1.2 Main Problems at PLEDs and How the Solution Processes Can Affect Them 182.1.3 Aim of This Chapter 202.2 Materials for Fabrication of PLEDs and Their Performance at Solution Processing 202.2.1 New Polymers for Light-Emissive Layers and for Supplementary HTL and ETL 202.2.2 ITO-Free Electrodes—Solution Processed and Polymer Alternatives to the Transparent Conductive Oxides 302.3 Specific Phenomena at PLED—Energy Transfers, Traps, Excitons Formation, and Color Tuning 392.4 Conclusions 45References 463 DFT Computational Modeling and Design of New Cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) Derivatives for Highly Efficient Blue Emitters in OLEDs 51Rania Zaier, Said Hajaji, Masatoshi Kozaki and Sahbi Ayachi3.1 Introduction 523.2 Computational Methods 533.3 Molecular Geometry 543.4 Frontier Molecular Orbitals 563.5 Molecular Electrostatic Potential Maps 593.6 Optical Absorption and Emission Properties 593.6.1 UV-Vis-NIR Optical Absorption Properties 593.6.2 Emission Properties 633.7 ICT Properties 643.8 OLEDs Modulation 683.9 Conclusion 70References 704 Conjugated Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes 77Sapana Jadoun and Ufana Riaz4.1 Introduction 774.2 History, Classification, and Characteristics of Polymer OLED Material 794.3 Polymer OLED Device Construction and Working 814.4 Blue Light-Emitting Diodes 824.5 Green Light-Emitting Diodes 834.6 Red Light-Emitting Diodes 844.7 Multicolor Light-Emitting Diodes 854.8 Advantages of OLEDs over Other Liquid Crystal Display 854.9 Applications of OLEDs 874.10 Challenges and Future Possibilities 874.11 Conclusion 88References 895 Application of Electrospun Materials in LEDs 99Subhash B. Kondawar, Mahelaqua A. Haque and Chaitali N. Pangul5.1 Introduction 995.2 Electrospun Nanofibers Technology 1015.3 Electrospun Materials for LEDs 1045.3.1 Metal Oxide Semiconducting Electrospun Nanofibers 1055.3.2 Perovskite Electrospun Nanofibers 1085.3.3 Rare Earth Ion Doped Electrospun Nanofibers 1135.3.4 Electrospun Coordination Polymeric Nanofibers 1185.4 Conclusions 119References 1206 Luminescent Polymer Light-Emitting Devices and Displays 125Nayan Ranjan Singha, Pijush Kanti Chattopadhyay, Mousumi Deb, Mrinmoy Karmakar, Manas Mahapatra, Madhushree Mitra and Arnab DuttaAbbreviation 1266.1 Introduction 1266.2 Chronological Development 1286.3 Basic Principles Behind Luminescence of Polymers 1446.4 Classification of Polymer Light-Emitting Diode 1476.4.1 Classification Based on the Type of Components 1476.4.2 Classification Based on the Device Architecture 1476.4.3 Classification Based on the Charge Carriers 1496.4.3.1 Single Carrier Device 1496.4.3.2 Bipolar Devices 1506.4.4 Classification Based on the Color of Emission 1506.4.4.1 Green and Blue Color Emitting PLEDs 1506.4.4.2 Red Color Emitting PLED 1516.4.4.3 White Color Emitting PLED 1526.5 Dependence of Various Performance Parameters on Structural Factors 1536.5.1 Brightness 1536.5.2 Efficiencies 1536.5.2.1 Characteristics of EML 1536.5.2.2 Characteristics of EIL/ETL 1606.5.2.3 Characteristics of HIL/HTL 1626.5.2.4 Characteristics of HBL and EBL 1636.5.2.5 Characteristics of Cathode 1646.5.2.6 Characteristics of Anode 1656.6 Life Time and Stability 1666.7 Recent Developments, Challenges, and Constraints 1666.8 Conclusions 169References 1707 Polymer Liquid Crystal Devices and Displays 177Nimra Shakeel, Mohd Imran Ahamed and Naushad Anwar7.1 Introduction 1787.2 History and Progress 1827.3 Polymer Liquid Crystal: An Overview 1837.4 Applications of PLCs 1857.4.1 PLCs as Laser Sources 1857.4.2 PLCs as Dynamic Lenses 1867.4.3 PLCs as Biosensors 1877.4.4 PLCs as Actuator Devices 1887.5 Conclusions 189References 1898 Hybrid Inorganic-Organic White Light Emitting Diodes 197Mauro Mosca, Roberto Macaluso and Isodiana Crupi8.1 Introduction 1978.2 Hybrid Devices and Other Ambiguities 2008.3 Necessity of a Host Matrix 2048.4 Materials for Hybrid LEDs 2058.4.1 Luminescent Polymers 2058.4.2 Molecular Luminescent Dyes 2078.4.3 Biomaterials and Biomolecules 2238.4.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks 2298.4.5 Carbon Dots 2408.5 Color Tuning and Rendering 2438.6 Stability 2458.7 Conclusions 251References 251Index 263