Layered 2D Materials and Their Allied Applications

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters. Mohd Imran Ahamed received his Ph.D on the topic "Synthesis and characterization of inorganic-organic composite heavy metals selective cation-exchangers and their analytical applications", from Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2019. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focusses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the first prize for distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He holds multiple patents, has authored ten books and more than one thousand publications in international journals.

• Preface xv1 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks 1Fengxian Cao, Jian Chen, Qixun Xia and Xinglai Zhang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Synthesis Approaches 21.2.1 Selection of Synthetic Raw Materials 31.2.2 Solvent Volatility Method 41.2.3 Diffusion Method 41.2.3.1 Gas Phase Diffusion 41.2.3.2 Liquid Phase Diffusion 41.2.4 Sol-Gel Method 51.2.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis Method 61.2.6 Stripping Method 61.2.7 Microwave Synthesis Method 81.2.8 Self-Assembly 91.2.9 Special Interface Synthesis Method 91.2.10 Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis Method 101.2.11 Ultrasonic Synthesis 101.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications 111.3.1 Structure and Properties of MOFs 111.3.2 Application in Biomedicine 121.3.3 Application in Gas Storage 121.3.4 Application in Sensors 131.3.5 Application in Chemical Separation 131.3.6 Application in Catalysis 141.3.7 Application in Gas Adsorption 141.4 Summary and Outlook 15Acknowledgements 16References 162 2D Black Phosphorus 21Chenguang Duan, Hui Qiao, Zongyut Huang and Xiang Qi2.1 Introduction 222.2 The Research on Black Phosphorus 232.2.1 The Structure and Properties 232.2.1.1 The Structure of Black Phosphorus 252.2.1.2 The Properties of Black Phosphorus 252.2.2 Preparation Methods 262.2.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 282.2.2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation 282.2.3 Antioxidant 302.2.3.1 Degradation Mechanism 302.2.3.2 Adding Protective Layer 312.2.3.3 Chemical Modification 312.2.3.4 Doping 332.3 Applications of Black Phosphorus 332.3.1 Electronic and Optoelectronic 342.3.1.1 Field-Effect Transistors 342.3.1.2 Photodetector 352.3.2 Energy Storage and Conversion 362.3.2.1 Catalysis 362.3.2.2 Batteries 372.3.2.3 Supercapacitor 382.3.3 Biomedical 392.4 Conclusion and Outlook 40Acknowledgements 41References 413 2D Metal Carbides 47Peiran Hou, Xinxin Fu, Qixun Xia and Zhengpeng Yang3.1 Introduction 473.2 Synthesis Approaches 483.2.1 Ti3C2 Synthesis 483.2.2 V2C Synthesis 503.2.3 Ti2C Synthesis 503.2.4 Mo2C Synthesis 513.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications 523.3.1 Structures and Properties of 2D Metal Carbides 523.3.1.1 Structures and Properties of Ti3C2 523.3.1.2 Structural Properties of Ti2C 533.3.1.3 Structural Properties of Mo2C 533.3.1.4 Structural Properties of V2C 543.3.2 Carbide Materials in Energy Storage Applications 553.3.2.1 Ti3C2 563.3.2.2 Ti2C 573.3.2.3 V2C 583.3.2.4 Mo2C 583.3.3 Metal Carbide Materials in Catalysis Applications 603.3.3.1 Ti3C2 603.3.3.2 V2C 613.3.3.3 Mo2C 623.3.4 Metal Carbide Materials in Environmental Management Applications 633.3.4.1 Ti3C2 in Environmental Management Applications 633.3.4.2 Ti2C in Environmental Management Applications 643.3.4.3 V2C in Environmental Management Applications 643.3.4.4 Mo2C in Environmental Management Applications 653.3.5 Carbide Materials in Biomedicine Applications 663.3.5.1 Ti3C2 in Biomedicine Applications 663.3.5.2 Ti2C in Biomedicine Applications 663.3.5.3 V2C in Biomedicine Applications 683.3.5.4 Mo2C in Biomedicine Applications 683.3.6 Carbide Materials in Gas Sensing Applications 693.3.6.1 Ti3C2 in Gas Sensing Applications 693.3.6.2 Ti2C in Gas Sensing Applications 693.3.6.3 V2C in Gas Sensing Applications 703.3.6.4 Mo2C in Gas Sensing Applications 713.4 Summary and Outlook 72Acknowledgements 72References 734 2D Carbon Materials as Photocatalysts 79Amel Boudjemaa4.1 Introduction 794.2 Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials 804.2.1 Forms of Carbon 804.2.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials 804.3 Photo-Degradation of Organic Pollutants 814.3.1 Graphene, Graphene Oxide, Graphene Nitride (g-C3N4) 814.3.1.1 Graphene-Based Materials 824.3.1.2 Graphene Nitride (g-C3N4) 844.3.2 Carbon Dots (CDs) 874.3.3 Carbon Spheres (CSs) 874.4 Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production 884.5 Carbon-Based Materials for CO2 Reduction 90References 905 Sensitivity Analysis of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Heterostructure of 2D BlueP/MoS2 and MXene 103Sarika Pal, Narendra Pal, Y.K. Prajapati and J.P. Saini5.1 Introduction 1045.2 Proposed SPR Sensor, Design Considerations, and Modeling 1075.2.1 SPR Sensor and Its Sensing Principle 1075.2.2 Design Consideration 1085.2.2.1 Layer 1: Prism for Light Coupling 1085.2.2.2 Layer 2: Metal Layer 1095.2.2.3 Layer 3: BlueP/MoS2 Layer 1105.2.2.4 Layer 4: MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Layer as BRE for Biosensing 1105.2.2.5 Layer 5: Sensing Medium (RI-1.33-1.335) 1105.2.3 Proposed Sensor Modeling 1105.3 Results Discussion 1125.3.1 Role of Monolayer BlueP/MoS2 and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and Its Comparison With Conventional SPR 1125.3.2 Influence of Varying Heterostructure Layers for Proposed Design 1145.3.3 Effect of Changing Prism Material and Metal on Performance of Proposed Design 1155.4 Conclusion 125References 1256 2D Perovskite Materials and Their Device Applications 131B. Venkata Shiva Reddy, K. Srinivas, N. Suresh Kumar, S. Ramesh, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, Prasun Banerjee, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula6.1 Introduction 1316.2 Structure 1346.2.1 Crystal Structure 1346.2.2 Electronic Structure of 2D Perovskites 1346.2.3 Structure of Photovoltaic Cell 1356.3 Discussion and Applications 1366.4 Conclusion 139References 1397 Introduction and Significant Parameters for Layered Materials 141Umbreen Rasheed, Fayyaz Hussain, Muhammad Imran, R.M. Arif Khalil and Sungjun Kim7.1 Graphene 1437.2 Phosphorene 1477.3 Silicene 1487.4 ZnO 1507.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) 1517.6 Germanene and Stanene 1527.7 Heterostructures 153References 1568 Increment in Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4 Coupled Sulphides and Oxides for Environmental Remediation 159Pankaj Raizada, Abhinadan Kumar and Pardeep Singh8.1 Introduction 1608.2 GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation 1638.2.1 GCN and MoS2-Based Photocatalysts 1638.2.2 GCN and CdS-Based Heterojunctions 1688.2.3 Some Other GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Photocatalysts 1718.3 GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation 1738.3.1 GCN and MoO3-Based Heterojunctions 1778.3.2 GCN and Fe2O3-Based Heterojunctions 1798.3.3 Some Other GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 1808.4 Conclusions and Outlook 181References 1819 2D Zeolites 193Moumita Sardar, Manisha Maharana, Madhumita Manna and Sujit Sen9.1 Introduction 1939.1.1 What is 2D Zeolite? 1959.1.2 Advancement in Zeolites to 2D Zeolite 1969.2 Synthetic Method 1979.2.1 Bottom-Up Method 1979.2.2 Top-Down Method 1989.2.3 Support-Assisted Method 1999.2.4 Post-Synthesis Modification of 2D Zeolites 2009.3 Properties 2009.4 Applications 2039.4.1 Petro-Chemistry 2039.4.2 Biomass Conversion 2039.4.2.1 Pyrolysis of Solid Biomass 2039.4.2.2 Condensation Reactions 2049.4.2.3 Isomerization 2049.4.2.4 Dehydration Reactions 2049.4.3 Oxidation Reactions 2059.4.4 Fine Chemical Synthesis 2069.4.5 Organometallics 2069.5 Conclusion 206References 20710 2D Hollow Nanomaterials 211S.S. Athira, V. Akhil, X. Joseph , J. Ashtami and P.V. Mohanan10.1 Introduction 21210.2 Structural Aspects of HNMs 21310.3 Synthetic Approaches 21410.3.1 Template-Based Strategies 21510.3.1.1 Hard Templating 21510.3.1.2 Soft Templating 21710.3.2 Self-Templating Strategies 21810.3.2.1 Surface Protected Etching 21910.3.2.2 Ostwald Ripening 21910.3.2.3 Kirkendall Effect 21910.3.2.4 Galvanic Replacement 22010.4 Medical Applications of HNMs 22010.4.1 Imaging and Diagnosis Applications 22110.4.2 Applications of Nanotube Arrays 22210.4.2.1 Pharmacy and Medicine 22410.4.2.2 Cancer Therapy 22410.4.2.3 Immuno and Hyperthermia Therapy 22610.4.2.4 Infection Therapy and Gene Therapy 22610.4.3 Hollow Nanomaterials in Diagnostics and Therapeutics 22710.4.4 Applications in Regenerative Medicine 22710.4.5 Anti-Neurodegenerative Applications 22810.4.6 Photothermal Therapy 22910.4.7 Biosensors 23010.5 Non-Medical Applications of HNMs 23110.5.1 Catalytic Micro or Nanoreactors 23110.5.2 Energy Storage 23210.5.2.1 Lithium Ion Battery 23210.5.2.2 Supercapacitor 23210.5.3 Nanosensors 23310.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 23410.6 Toxicity of 2D HNMs 23410.7 Future Challenges 23710.8 Conclusion 239Acknowledgement 240References 24011 2D Layered Double Hydroxides 249J. Ashtami, X. Joseph, V. Akhil , S.S. Athira and P.V. Mohanan11.1 Introduction 25011.2 Structural Aspects 25111.3 Synthesis of LDHs 25211.3.1 Co-Precipitation Method 25311.3.2 Urea Hydrolysis 25411.3.3 Ion-Exchange Method 25411.3.4 Reconstruction Method 25411.3.5 Hydrothermal Method 25511.3.6 Sol-Gel Method 25511.4 Nonmedical Applications of LDH 25511.4.1 Adsorbent 25511.4.2 Catalyst 25711.4.3 Sensors 26011.4.4 Electrode 26111.4.5 Polymer Additive 26111.4.6 Anion Scavenger 26211.4.7 Flame Retardant 26311.5 Biomedical Applications 26311.5.1 Biosensors 26311.5.2 Scaffolds 26511.5.3 Anti-Microbial Agents 26611.5.4 Drug Delivery 26711.5.5 Imaging 26911.5.6 Protein Purification 26911.5.7 Gene Delivery 27011.6 Toxicity 27211.7 Conclusion 273Acknowledgement 274References 27412 Experimental Techniques for Layered Materials 283Tariq Munir, Arslan Mahmood, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Kashif, Amjad Sohail, Zeeshan Yaqoob, Aleena Manzoor and Fahad Shafiq12.1 Introduction 28412.2 Methods for Synthesis of Graphene Layered Materials 28512.3 Selection of a Suitable Metallic Substrate 28712.4 Graphene Synthesis by HFTCVD 28712.5 Graphene Transfer 28912.6 Characterization Techniques 29112.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction Technique 29112.6.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) 29212.6.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 29312.6.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) 29412.6.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 29512.6.6 Raman Spectroscopy 29512.6.7 Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) 29612.7 Potential Applications of Graphene and Derived Materials 29712.8 Conclusion 298Acknowledgement 298References 29913 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Borophenes 303Atif Suhail and Indranil Lahiri13.1 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride (2D h-BN): An Introduction 30413.2 Properties of 2D h-BN 30513.2.1 Structural Properties 30513.2.2 Electronic and Dielectric Properties 30613.2.3 Optical Properties 30713.3 Synthesis Methods of 2D h-BN 30813.3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 30913.3.2 Liquid Exfoliation 31013.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 31013.3.3.1 Synthesis Parameters 31213.3.3.2 Growth Mechanism 31313.3.3.3 Transfer of 2D h-BN Onto Other Substrates 31413.3.4 Physical Vapor Deposition Method (PVD) 31513.3.5 Surface Segregation Method 31613.4 Application of 2D h-BN 31713.4.1 2D h-BN in Electronic Manufacturing 31813.4.2 2D h-BN as a Filler in Polymer Composites 31913.4.3 2D h-BN as a Protective Barrier 32013.4.4 2D h-BN in Optoelectronics 32113.5 Borophene 32313.5.1 Theoretical Investigation and Experimental Synthesis 32413.5.2 Properties and Application of Borophene 32613.5.2.1 Electronic Properties of Borophene 32613.5.2.2 Chemical Properties 32613.5.3 Potential Applications of Borophene 328References 32814 Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 337Rozan Mohamad Yunus, Mohd Nur Ikhmal Salehmin and Nurul Nabila Rosman14.1 Introduction 33714.2 TMDC-Based Photoactive Materials for HER 33914.2.1 MoS2 33914.2.2 MoSe2 34114.2.3 WS2 34114.2.4 CoSe2 34214.2.5 FeS2 34314.2.6 NiSe2 34414.3 TMDCs Fabrication Methods 34514.3.1 Hydrothermal 34514.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition/Vapor Phase Growth Process 34614.3.3 Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) 34714.3.4 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 34814.4 Current Photocatalytic Activity Performance 35014.5 Summary and Perspective 351References 35215 State-of-the-Art and Perspective of Layered Materials 363Tariq Munir, Muhammad Kashif, Aamir Shahzad, Nadeem Nasir, Muhammad Imran, Nabeel Anjum and Arslan Mahmood15.1 Introduction 36315.2 State-of-the-Art and Future Perspective 36415.2.1 Electronic Devices 36515.2.2 Optoelectronic Devices 36915.2.3 Energy Storage Devices 37215.3 Conclusion 374References 374Index 379