2D Monoelements

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters. Mohd Imran Ahamed received his Ph.D on the topic "Synthesis and characterization of inorganic-organic composite heavy metals selective cation-exchangers and their analytical applications", from Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2019. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focusses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the first prize for distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He holds multiple patents, has authored ten books and more than one thousand publications in international journals.

• Preface xiii1 Phosphorene: A 2D New Derivative of Black Phosphorous 1Lalla Btissam Drissi, Siham Sadki and El Hassan Saidi1.1 Introduction 11.2 Pristine 2D BP 31.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization 31.2.1.1 Top-Down Approaches 31.2.1.2 Bottom-Up Methods 41.2.1.3 Geometric Structure and Raman Spectroscopy 41.2.2 Physical Properties 51.2.2.1 Anisotropic Eectronic Behavior 51.2.2.2 Optical Properties 61.2.2.3 Elastic Parameters 81.2.3 Applications 91.2.3.1 Gas Sensors 91.2.3.2 Battery Applications 91.2.3.3 FETs 101.3 Phosphorene Oxides 101.3.1 Challenges: Degradation of Phosphorene 111.3.1.1 Light Exposure 111.3.1.2 Phosphorene vs Air 121.3.1.3 Functionalized Phosphorene 121.3.2 Half-Oxided Phosphorene 131.3.2.1 Electronic Structure 141.3.2.2 Optical Response 151.3.2.3 Strain Effect 161.3.3 Surface Oxidation on Phosphorene 181.3.3.1 Optoelectronic Features 181.3.3.2 Stress vs Strain 201.3.3.3 Thermal Conductivity 211.4 Conclusion 22Acknowledgment 22References 222 Antimonene: A Potential 2D Material 27Shuai Liu, Tianle Zhang and Shengxue Yang2.1 Introduction 272.2 Fundamental Characteristics 292.2.1 Structure 292.2.2 Electronic Band Structure 302.3 Experimental Preparation 302.3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 302.3.2 Liquid Phase Exfoliation 322.3.3 Epitaxial Growth 352.3.4 Other Methods 402.4 Applications of Antimonene 402.4.1 Nonlinear Optics 402.4.2 Optoelectronic Device 422.4.3 Electrocatalysis 442.4.4 Energy Storage 452.4.5 Biomedicine 472.4.6 Magneto-Optic Storage 502.5 Conclusion and Outlook 50References 523 Synthesis and Properties of Graphene-Based Materials 57U. Naresh, N. Suresh Kumar, D. Baba Basha, Prasun Benerjee, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, R. Jeevan Kumar, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula3.1 Introduction 583.2 Applications 603.3 Structure 623.3.1 Graphene-Related Materials 633.3.2 Synthesis Techniques 643.3.3 Mechanical Exfoliation of Graphene Layers 643.3.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene Layers 653.3.5 Hummer Method of Graphene 653.3.6 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene Layers 653.4 Physical Properties 663.4.1 Thermal Stability 663.4.2 Electronic Properties 673.5 Conclusions 68References 694 Theoretical Study on Graphene Oxide as a Cancer Drug Carrier 73Satya Narayan Sahu, Saraswati Soren, Shanta Chakrabarty and Rojalin Sahu4.1 Introduction 744.2 Molecular Interaction of Biomolecules and Graphene Oxide 764.2.1 Molecular Interaction of DNA with Graphene Oxide 764.2.2 Molecular Interaction of Protein with Graphene Oxide 774.3 Computational Method 784.4 Results and Discussion 794.4.1 Binding Behavior Between Graphene Oxide With Cancer Drugs (5-Flourouracil, Ibuprofen, Camptothecine, and Doxorubicin) 794.5 Conclusion 83References 835 High-Quality Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Produced from MOFs and Their Supercapacitor Application 87Mandira Majumder, Ram B. Choudhary, Anukul K. Thakur, Rabah Boukherroub and Sabine Szunerits5.1 Introduction 885.1.1 The Basics of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 915.2 Carbonization of MOFs 925.2.1 Conversion of MOFs Into Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 935.2.2 MOFs Derived Graphene Like Carbon and Graphene-Based Composites 945.2.3 MOFs Precursors for the Preparation of Porous Carbon Nanostructures Other Than Graphene and CNTs 955.3 Effect of MOF Pyrolysis Temperature on Porosity and Pore Size Distribution 965.4 MOF Derived Carbon as Supercapacitor Electrodes 985.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 107Acknowledgement 108References 1096 Application of Two-Dimensional Monoelements–Based Material in Field-Effect Transistor for Sensing and Biosensing 119Tejaswini Sahoo, Jnana Ranjan Sahu, Jagannath Panda, Neeraj Kumari and Rojalin Sahu6.1 Introduction 1206.1.1 Classification of 2D Monoelement (Xenes) in the Periodic Table 1216.1.2 Group III 1216.1.2.1 Borophene 1236.1.2.2 Gallenene 1236.1.3 Group IV 1266.1.3.1 Silicene 1266.1.3.2 Germanene 1266.1.3.3 Stanene 1266.1.4 Group V 1266.1.4.1 Phosphorene 1266.1.4.2 Arsenene 1276.1.4.3 Antimonene 1276.1.4.4 Bismuthene 1276.1.5 Group VI 1276.1.5.1 Selenene 1276.1.5.2 Tellurene 1286.2 Field-Effect Transistor 1286.2.1 Different Types of Recently Developed Field-Effect Transistors 1296.2.1.1 Field-Effect Transistors Based on Silicon 1296.2.1.2 Field-Effect Transistors Based on Carbon Nanotube 1296.2.1.3 Organic Field-Effect Transistors 1306.2.1.4 Field-Effect Transistors Based on Graphene 1306.3 Application of 2D Monoelements in Field-Effect Transistor for Sensing and Biosensing 1306.3.1 Biosensor 1306.3.1.1 DNA Sensors 1336.3.1.2 Protein Sensors 1336.3.1.3 Glucose Sensor 1346.3.1.4 Living Cell and Bacteria Sensors 1346.3.2 Sensor 1356.3.2.1 Gas Sensor 1356.3.2.2 pH Sensor 1366.3.2.3 Metal Ion and Other Chemical Sensors 1376.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 138References 1397 Supercapacitor Electrodes Utilizing Graphene-Based Ternary Composite Materials 149B. Saravanakumar, K. K. Purushothaman, S.Vadivel, A. Sakthivel, N. Karthikeyan and P. A. Periasamy7.1 Introduction 1507.2 Charge Storage Mechanism of a Supercapacitor Device 1517.2.1 Design of a Supercapacitor Electrode 1547.3 Graphene and its Functionalized Forms 1547.3.1 Graphene 1547.3.2 Graphene Oxide 1557.3.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide 1557.4 Varieties of Graphene-Based Ternary Composite 1557.4.1 Graphene-Conducting Polymer-Metal Oxide 1567.4.1.1 Graphene-PEDOT-Metal Oxide 1567.4.1.2 Graphene-PANI-Metal Oxide 1577.4.1.3 Graphene-PPy-Metal Oxide 1597.4.2 Graphene/Other Carbon/Conducting Polymer 1597.4.3 Graphene/Other Carbon Material/Metal Oxide 1607.4.4 Other Graphene-Based Ternary Materials 1617.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 162References 1628 Graphene: An Insight Into Electrochemical Sensing Technology 169Anantharaman Shivakumar and Honnur Krishna8.1 Introduction 1708.2 Electronic Band Structure of Graphene 1728.3 Electrochemical Influence of the Graphene Due to Doping Effect 1748.4 Exfoliation of Graphite: Chemistry Behind Scientific Approach 1768.5 Electrochemical Reduction of Oxidized Graphene 1848.6 Spectroscopic Study of Graphene 1878.7 Biotechnical Functionalization of Graphene 1888.8 Graphene Technology in Sensors 1908.8.1 Glucose Sensors 1908.8.2 DNA and Aptamer Sensors 1928.8.3 Pollutant Sensors 1978.8.4 Gas Sensors 2008.8.5 Pharmaceutical Sensors and Antioxidant Sensors 2018.9 Conclusion 208Acknowledgements 210References 2109 Germanene 235Mohd Imran Ahamed and Naushad Anwar9.1 Introduction 2369.2 Structural Arrangements 2399.2.1 Elemental Structures 2399.2.2 Decorated Structures 2409.2.3 Composite Structures 2439.3 Fundamental Properties of Germanene 2439.3.1 Quantum Spin Hall (QSH) Effect 2439.3.2 Mechanical Properties 2459.3.3 Thermal Properties 2469.3.4 Optical Properties 2469.4 Applications of Germanene 2489.4.1 Strain-Induced Self-Doping in Germanene 2489.4.2 In Battery Applications 2499.4.3 In Electronic Devices 2509.4.4 Catalysis 2509.4.5 Optoelectronic and Luminescence Applications 2549.5 Conclusions 255References 25510 2D Graphene Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications 261Kiran Rana, Rinky Ghosh and Neha Kanwar Rawat10.1 Introduction 26110.1.1 Synthesis Routes of Graphene 26310.1.2 Graphene and its Derivatives 26310.2 Applications of Graphene in Biomedicine 26510.2.1 Tissue Engineering 26510.2.1.1 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 26610.2.2 Bone Tissue Engineering 26910.2.2.1 Methods of Fracture Repair 26910.2.2.2 Graphene Used in Bone Tissue Engineering 26910.2.3 Gene Delivery 27110.2.4 Cancer Therapy 27210.2.5 Genotoxicity 27310.2.6 2D Application of Graphene in Biosensing 27410.2.7 Prosthetic Implants 27510.3 Conclusion 277References 27811 Graphene and Graphene-Integrated Materials for Energy Device Applications 285Santhosh, G. and Bhatt, Aarti S.11.1 Introduction 28511.1.1 Anode Materials for Electrodes 28811.1.2 Cathode Materials for Electrodes 28911.2 Graphene-Integrated Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) 29011.2.1 The Working of LIBs 29111.2.2 Graphene-Integrated Cathodes 29311.2.2.1 Graphene/LiFePO4 as Cathode 29311.2.2.2 Graphene/LiMn2O4 as Cathode 29411.2.2.3 Graphene-Layered Cathode Material 29511.2.3 Graphene-Integrated Anodes 29611.2.3.1 Graphene/Li4Ti5O12 as Anode 29711.2.3.2 Graphene/Si or Ge as Anode 29811.2.3.3 Graphene/Metal Oxides as Anodes 29911.2.3.4 Graphene/Sulfides as Anodes 30211.3 Graphene-Integrated Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors (SCs) 30311.3.1 Working Mechanism of Supercapacitors 30411.3.1.1 Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC) 30411.3.1.2 Pseudo-Capacitors 30411.3.1.3 Hybrid Supercapacitors 30411.3.2 Graphene-Integrated Supercapacitors (GSCs) 30511.3.2.1 Graphene/Organic Material Nanocomposites 30611.3.2.2 Graphene/Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites 30711.3.2.3 Graphene/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 31011.4 Conclusion 314References 316Index 329