Electrospun Materials and Their Allied Applications

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Rajender Boddula, PdD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters. Mohd Imran Ahamed received his Ph.D on the topic "Synthesis and characterization of inorganic-organic composite heavy metals selective cation-exchangers and their analytical applications", from Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2019. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focusses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the first prize for distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He holds multiple patents, has authored ten books and more than one thousand publications in international journals.

• Preface xv1 Electrospinning Fabrication Strategies: From Conventional to Advanced Approaches 1J.R. Dias, Alexandra I. F. Alves, Carolina A. Marzia-Ferreira and Nuno M. Alves1.1 Introduction 21.2 Conventional Fabrication Approaches 31.2.1 Randomly Oriented Fiber Meshes 31.2.2 Aligned Fiber Meshes 81.2.3 Fibers With Core/Shell Structure 141.3 Advanced Fabrication Approaches 191.3.1 Melt Electrospinning 191.3.2 Near Field Electrospinning 221.3.3 Electroblowing 231.3.4 Hybrid Structures 251.3.5 Cell Electrospinning 301.3.6 In Situ Electrospinning 331.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 36Acknowledgments 37References 372 History, Basics, and Parameters of Electrospinning Technique 53Aysel Kantürk Figen2.1 Definitions 532.2 Milestone of Electrospinning Technique 542.3 Setup and Configuration of Electrospinning Technique 562.4 Parameters 592.4.1 Polymer Solutions 592.4.2 Spin Parameters 622.4.3 Environmental Parameters 632.5 Concluding Remarks 64References 653 Physical Characterization of Electrospun Fibers 71Anushka Purabgola and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian3.1 Introduction 723.2 Characterization Techniques 763.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 763.2.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) 773.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 793.2.4 High-Resolution TEM (HRTEM) 803.2.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 813.2.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 833.2.7 Nanoindentation 843.2.8 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 853.2.9 Thermalgravimetric Analysis (TGA) 853.3 Physical Characterization of Electrospun Fibers 873.3.1 Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers 873.3.1.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Nanofiber 873.3.1.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Fibrous Nanofibers 913.3.1.3 Polydodecylthiophene (PDT) Core–Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Shell Polymer Nanofiber 923.3.1.4 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Nanofiber 923.3.2 Electrospun Metal (Oxide) Nanofiber 943.3.2.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Nickel Acetate 953.3.2.2 Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP)/TiO2 Nanofibers 963.3.2.3 Polyethylene Oxide/Polyvinylpyrrolidone–Iron Oxide Nanofiber 963.3.3 Electrospun Nanocomposite Nanofibers 973.3.3.1 TiO2/SiO2/C (TSC) Nanofibers 983.3.3.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/ZnO Nanocomposite Nanofiber 1003.3.3.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composite Nanofibers 1013.3.4 Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) 1043.3.4.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/N-Doped CNFs 1043.3.4.2 Lignan-Derived CNFs/PAN 1043.3.4.3 Poly(L-Laticide-Co- -Caprolactone) (PLCL)/MWCNTs Nanofibers 1053.4 Conclusion 108References 1094 Application of Electrospun Materials in Catalysis 113Bilge Coşkuner Filiz4.1 Introduction 1134.2 Type of Catalysts 1154.2.1 Catalyst Supports 1154.2.2 Template for Catalytic Nanotubes 1164.2.3 Metal Oxide Catalysts 1174.3 Catalytic Applications 1174.3.1 Energy Field 1184.3.1.1 Oxidation Reactions 1184.3.1.2 Reduction Reactions 1194.3.1.3 Hydrogen Generation Reactions 1204.3.2 Environment Field 1214.3.2.1 Oxidation Reactions 1214.3.2.2 Reduction Reactions 1224.3.2.3 Degradation Reactions 1224.4 Conclusion 124References 1255 Application of Electrospun Materials in Packaging Industry 131Samson Rwahwire, Catherine Namuga and Nibikora Ildephonse5.1 Packaging Industry 1315.2 Electrospinning 1325.3 Nanofibers 1355.4 Biopolymers 1355.4.1 Nanoencapsulation 1355.4.2 Methods of Encapsulation Application in Food Packaging 1395.4.3 Drying 1405.4.4 Nano-Enabled Packaging Solutions 1405.4.5 Food Packaging 1415.4.6 Active Food Packaging 1425.5 Future Perspectives 144References 1456 Application of Electrospun Materials in Water Treatment 151Shivani Rastogi and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian6.1 Introduction 1526.2 Heavy Metal Ion Removal From Wastewater 1546.2.1 Cellulose/Camphor Soot Nanofibers 1576.2.2 Spider-Web Textured Electrospun Graphene Composite Fibers 1586.2.3 Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Nanofibers 1616.2.4 Ion-Imprinted Chitosan/1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Fibers 1626.2.5 Molecular Imprinted Camphor Soot Functionalized PAN Nanofibers 1646.2.6 Iron Functionalized Chitosan Electrospun NFs (ICS-ENF) 1666.2.7 Cellulose/Organically Modified Montmorillonite 1666.3 Dye Removal From Wastewater 1676.3.1 Zein Nanofibers 1676.3.2 β-Cyclodextrin Based Nanofibers 1696.3.3 3-Mercapto Propionic Acid Coated Fe3O4 NP Immobilized Amidoximated Polyacrylonitrile 1716.3.4 Functionalized Polyacrylonitrile Membrane 1716.4 Oil–Water Separation 1726.4.1 Wettable Cotton-Based Janus Bio Fabric (PLA/Functionalized Organoclay) 1726.4.2 Camphor Soot Immobilized Fluoroelastomer Membrane 1746.4.3 Polycaprolactone/Beeswax Membrane 1746.5 Microbe Elimination From Wastewater 1766.5.1 β-Cyclodextrin/Cellulose Acetate Embedded Ag and Ag/Fe Nanoparticles 1766.5.2 Silver Coated Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Membrane 1776.6 Antibiotic Removal From Wastewater 1786.7 Conclusion 180References 1807 Application of Electrospun Materials in Oil–Water Separations 185T.C. Mokhena, M.J. John, M.J. Mochane and P.C. Tsipa7.1 Introduction 1857.2 Oil Spill Clean-Up 1877.2.1 Hydrophobic–Oleophilic Polymer Nanofiber 1877.2.2 Blends 1917.2.3 Composites 1947.3 Separation Membranes 1957.4 Thin-Film Composite (TFC) Membranes 2027.5 Three Dimensional (3D) Nanofibrous Membranes 2037.6 Smart Membranes 2047.7 Conclusions and Future Trends 208Acknowledgments 209References 2098 Application of Electrospun Materials in Industrial Applications 215Anisa Andleeb and Muhammad Yar8.1 Introduction 2168.2 Technology Transfer From Research Laboratories to Industries 2188.3 Industrial Applications of Electrospun Materials 2208.3.1 Biomedical Materials 2218.3.2 Defense and Security 2278.3.3 Textile Industry 2278.3.4 Catalyst 2288.3.5 Energy Harvest 2298.3.6 Filtration 2308.3.7 Sensor Applications 2328.3.8 Food 2348.4 Current and Future Developments 236References 2379 Antimicrobial Electrospun Materials 243Samson Afewerki, Guillermo U. Ruiz-Esparza and Anderson O. Lobo9.1 Introduction 2449.1.1 Electrospinning Technology 2449.1.2 Antimicrobial Materials 2469.1.3 Antimicrobial Electrospun Materials 2469.1.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 254Acknowledgments 255References 25510 Application of Electrospun Materials in Gene Delivery 265GSN Koteswara Rao, Mallesh Kurakula and Khushwant S. Yadav10.1 Introduction 26610.2 Gene Therapy 26610.3 Cellular Uptake of Nonviral Gene Delivery 26810.4 Vectors 26910.4.1 Viral Vectors 26910.4.2 Nonviral Vectors 27010.4.3 Delivery of Genes through Vectors 27110.5 Nanofibers/Scaffolds 27310.6 Electrospinning 27510.6.1 Steps Involved in the Electrospinning Process 27610.6.2 Types of Electrospinning 27910.7 Characterization 28110.8 Applications of Electrospun Materials 28210.8.1 Electrospun Materials in Gene Delivery 28210.8.1.1 Tissue Engineering 28210.8.1.2 Regenerative Medicine 28410.8.1.3 Vascular Grafts 28410.8.1.4 Bone Regeneration 28510.8.1.5 Diabetic Ulcer Treatment 28610.8.1.6 Cancer Treatment 28710.8.1.7 Blood Vessel Regeneration 28710.8.1.8 Wound Management 28810.8.1.9 Carrier for Genetic Material Loaded Nanoparticles 28810.8.1.10 Myocardial Infarction Treatment 28810.8.1.11 Stem Cell-Based Therapy 28910.8.1.12 Gene Silencing 28910.8.1.13 Controlled Release of Gene 29010.8.1.14 DNA Delivery 29010.8.2 Electrospun Materials in Drug Delivery 29110.8.2.1 Antibiotics and Various Antibacterial Agents 29210.8.2.2 Anticancer Drugs 29210.8.2.3 Cancer Diagnosis 29210.8.2.4 Wound Management 29310.8.2.5 Tissue Engineering 29310.8.2.6 Bone Tissue Engineering 29310.8.2.7 Dental Growth 29410.8.2.8 Therapeutic Delivery Systems 29410.8.3 Electrospun Materials in Miscellaneous Applications 29410.9 Future Scope and Challenges 29610.10 Conclusion 296References 29711 Application of Electrospun Materials in Bioinspired Systems 307Anca Filimon, Adina Maria Dobos, Oana Dumbrava and Adriana Popa11.1 Introduction 30811.2 Composite Materials Based on Cellulosic Nanofibers 30911.2.1 Processing of Cellulose-Based Materials 31011.2.2 Structure–Property–Biological Activity Relationship 31011.2.2.1 Biosensors Based on Cellulosic Fibers 31011.2.2.2 Delivery Systems and Controlled Release of Drugs 31211.2.2.3 Wound Dressing 31611.2.2.4 Tissue Engineering 31711.3 Chitosan Nanofibrous Scaffolds 32211.3.1 Overview on Obtained Chitosan From Bio-Waste Source 32211.3.2 Specific Applications of Chitosan Nanofibers in Bio Inspired Systems 32511.3.2.1 Wound Dressing 32511.3.2.2 Drug Delivery 32911.3.2.3 Tissue Engineering 33011.3.2.4 Antibacterial Activity 33611.4 Conclusions 339References 33912 Smart Electrospun Materials 351Gaurav Sharma, Shivani Rastogi and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian12.1 Introduction 35212.2 Smart Electrospun Materials in Biomedical Applications 35412.2.1 Tissue Engineering 35412.2.2 Controlled Drug Delivery 35512.2.3 Wound Healing 35612.3 Smart Electrospun Materials for Environmental Remediation 35712.3.1 Water Pollution Control 35712.3.2 Air Pollution Control 35912.3.3 Noise Pollution Control 36012.4 Smart Electrospun Materials in Electronics 36112.4.1 Solar Cell 36112.4.2 Energy Harvesters 36212.4.3 Shape-Memory Polymers 36312.4.4 Batteries and Supercapacitors 36412.4.5 Sensors, Transistors, and Diodes 36612.5 Smart Electrospun Materials in Textiles 36812.5.1 Biomedical Parameter Regulation 36812.5.2 Protection from Environment Threat 36912.5.3 Energy Harvesters in Textiles 37012.5.4 Smart Textile Project 37012.6 Smart Electrospun Materials in Food Packaging 37112.7 Conclusion 372References 37313 Advances in Electrospinning Technique in the Manufacturing Process of Nanofibrous Materials 379Karine Cappuccio de Castro, Josiel Martins Costa and Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei13.1 Introduction 38013.2 Process 38013.3 Important Parameters 38213.3.1 Effects of the Applied Tension 38213.3.2 Effects of Solution Eject Rate 38213.3.3 Effects of Needle-to-Collector Distance and Needle Diameter 38413.3.4 Effects of Solution Concentration and Viscosity 38413.3.5 Effects of Solution Conductivity 38513.3.6 Solvent Effects 38513.3.7 Effects of Surface Tension 38513.3.8 Humidity and Temperature Effects 38613.4 Recent Advances in the Technique 38613.4.1 Electrospinning Coaxial 38613.4.2 Electrospinning Triaxial 38713.4.3 Multiple Needle Electrospinning 38713.4.4 Electroblowing 38713.4.5 Magnetic Electrospinning 38813.4.6 Centrifugal Electrospinning 38813.4.7 Needleless Electrospinning 38813.5 Coaxial Electrospinning as an Excellent Process for Hollow Fiber and Drug Delivery Device Production 38913.6 Applications 39013.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 393References 39314 Application of Electrospun Materials in Filtration and Sorbents 401T.S. Motsoeneg, T.E. Mokoena, T.C. Mokhena and M.J. Mochane14.1 Introduction 40214.2 Morphology of Sorbents With Concomitant Sorption Capacity 40314.3 Mechanistic Overview in Purification During Filtration 40614.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 410References 41115 Application of Electrospun Materials in Batteries 415Subhash B. Kondawar and Monali V. Bhute15.1 Introduction 41615.2 Electrospun Nanofibers as Anodes 41815.2.1 Carbon Nanofibers as Anode 41815.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanofibers as Anode 41915.3 Electrospun Nanofibers as Cathode 42315.3.1 Lithium Metal Oxide Nanofibers as Cathode 42315.3.2 Transition Metal Oxides Nanofibers as Cathode 42415.4 Electrospun Nanofibers as Separator 42515.4.1 Polymer Nanofibers as Separator 42615.4.2 Polymer–Inorganic Nanofiber Separators 43015.5 Conclusions and Outlook 432References 43316 State-of-the-Art and Future Electrospun Technology 441Prasansha Rastogi and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian16.1 Introduction 44216.2 Some General Smart Applications of Electrospun Membranes 44516.3 Stimuli Responsive or Shape Memory Electrospun Membranes 45416.4 Conclusion 473Acknowledgment 474References 47417 Antimicrobial Electrospun Materials 483Rushikesh S. Ambekar and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian17.1 Introduction 48417.2 Drug-Loaded Polymer Nanofibers 48517.3 Drug-Loaded Biodegradable Polymer Nanofibers 48517.4 Drug-Loaded Non-Biodegradable Polymer Nanofibers 50117.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 507References 508Index 515