Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces

M. A. Donelan and W. M. Drennan are the authors of Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, published by Wiley.

• PrefaceMark A. Donelan, William M. Drennan, Eric S. Saltzman, and Rik Wanninkhof ixIntroductionGas Transfer at Water Surfaces Concepts and IssuesMark A. Donelan and Rik Wanninkhof 1Section 1: Effects of Surface Waves and Turbulence on Gas TransferTurbulence Generated by Microscale Breaking Waves and Its Influence on Air-Water Gas TransferMuhammad H. K. Siddiqui, Mark R. Loewen, Christine Richardson, William E. Asher, and Andrew T. Jessup 11On the Surface Kinematics of Microscale Breaking Wind WavesWilliam L. Peirson and Michael L. Banner 17Effect of Microscale Wave Breaking on Air-Water Gas TransferC. J. Zappa, W. E. Asher, A. T. jessup, J. Klinke, and S. R. Long 23Statistics of Geometric Properties of Breaking Wind Waves Observed in LaboratoryGuillemette Caulliez 31Overview of the CoOP Experiments: Physical and Chemical MeasurementsParameterizing Air-Sea Heat ExchangeErik John Bock, James Bearer Edson, Nelson M. Frew, Tetsu Hara, Horst Haussecker, Bernd Jahne,Wade R. McCillis, Sean P. McKenna, Robert K. Nelson, Uwe Schimpf, and Mete Uz 39Surface Wave Observations During CoOP Experiments and Their Relation to Air-Sea Gas TransferTetsu Hara, B. Mete Uz, Hua Wei, James B. Edson, Nelson M. Frew, Wade R. McCillis,Sean P. McKenna, Erik J. Bock, Horst Hau&ecker, and Uwe Schimpf 45On the Investigations of Statistical Properties of the Micro Turbulence at the Ocean SurfaceUwe Schimpf, Bernd Jahne, and Horst Hauliecker 51On the Skewness of the Sea Slope Probability DistributionBertrand Chapron, D. Vandemark, and T. Elfouhaily 59Directional Distributions and Mean Square Slopes of Surface WavesPaul A. Hwang and David W. Wang 65Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Processes Beneath a Wind-Driven Water SurfaceWu-Ting Tsai 71Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Free Surface Flow with Carbon-Dioxide Gas AbsorptionTomoaki Kunugi and Shin-ichi Satake 77LIF Measurements of Oxygen Concentration Gradients Along Flat and Wavy Air-Water InterfacesPhilip T. Woodrow, Jr. and Steve R. Duke 83A Direct Visualization Method of C 0 2 Gas Transfer at Water Surface Driven by Wind WavesKohsei Takehara and Goji T. Etoh 89Measurements of Wind-Driven Current Near the Water Surface by the Use of the PTV MethodHajime Kato, Hisamichi Nobuoka, and Naoki Ooshima 97Physics from IR Image Sequences: Quantitative Analysis of Transport Models and Parameters of Air-Sea Gas TransferHorst W. Haussecker, Uwe Schimpf, Christoph S. Garbe, and Bernd Jahne 103Measuring the Sea Surface Heat Flux and Probability Distribution of Surface Renewal EventsChristoph S. Garbe, Bernd jahne, and Horst Hauliecker 109Effects of Counter-Swell on Both the Mean Current and Turbulent Structure Below the Wind-WavesShinjiro Mizuno 115A Closer Look at Short Waves Generated by Wave Interactions With Adverse CurrentsSteven R. Long and Jochen Klinket 121Surface Divergence and Air-Water Gas TransferSean R. McKenna and Wade R. McGillis 129Section 2: Effects of Buoyancy and Surfactants on Gas TransferThe Critical Importance of Buoyancy Flux for Gas Flux Across the Air-Water InterfaceSally Maclntyre, Werner Eugster, and George W. Kling 135A Model of Air-Sea Gas Exchange Incorporating the Physics of the Turbulent Boundary Layerand the Properties of the Sea SurfaceAlexander Soloviev and Peter Schluessel 141Air-Lake Interaction and Surface Layer ProcessesC. N. Panin, A. E. Nasonov, and S. C . Sarkisian 147Spatial Variations in Surface Microlayer Surfactants and Their Role in Modulating Air-Sea ExchangeNelson M. Frew, Robert K. Nelson, Wade R. McGillis, James B. Edson, Erik J. Bock, and Tetsu Hara 153Thermal Profiling of the Sea Surface Skin Layer Using FTIR MeasurementsJennifer A. Hanafin and Peter J. Minnett 161An Autonomous Profiler for Near Surface Temperature MeasurementsBrian Ward and Peter J. Minnett 167Water Column C02 Measurements During the Gas Ex-98 ExpeditionR. A. Feely, R. Wanninkhof, D. A. Hansell, M. F. Lamb, D. Greeley, and K. Lee 173Fine Thermohaline Structure and Gas-Exchange in the Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean During GasEx-98Alexander Soloviev, Jim Edson, Wade McGillis, Peter Schluessel, and Rik Wanninkhof 181Section 3: Gas Transfer in Strong Turbulent FlowsA Field Study of Whitecap Coverage and Its Modulations by Energy Containing Surface WavesThe Physical and Practical Implications of a C02 Gas Transfer Coefficient That Varies as the Cube of the Wind SpeedEdward C. Monahan 193Fractional Area Whitecap Coverage and Air-Sea Gas Transfer Velocities Measured During GasEx-98William Asher, James Edson, Wade McGillis, Rik Wanninkhof, David T. Ho, and Trina Litchendorf 199Gas Transfer in Energetic ConditionsDavid Kevin Woolf 205Estimation of Whitecap Coverage Percentage Using Shallow Grazing-Angle Video and FMICW RadarCraig L. Stevens, M. J. Smith, and J. A. McGregor 213ASGAMAGE, the Air-Sea Gas Exchange/MAGE ExperimentWiebe Oost and AS AM AGE participants 219Comparison of the Deliberate Tracer Method and Eddy Covariance Measurementsto Determine the Air/Sea Transfer Velocity of C02Cor Jacobs, Phil Nightingale, Rob Upstill-Goddard, Jorgen Friis Kjeld, Soren Larsen, and Wiebe Oost 225Gas Transfer Velocities for 3He in a Lake at High Wind SpeedsPhilippe Jean-Baptiste, Elise Fourre, and Alain Poisson 233Measurement Uncertainty in Gas Exchange CoefficientsJ. S. Gulliver, B. Erickson, A. J. Zaske, and K. S. Shimon 239Measurements of Free Surface TurbulenceJoseph J. Orlins and John S. Gulliver 247Gas Transfer Across a Zero-Shear Surface: A Local ApproachMohamed A. Atmane and Jacques George 255Atmosphere-Ocean Gas Exchange Due to Bubbles Generated by Wind Wave BreakingRoman S. Bortkovskii 261The Effect of Bubbles on Air-Water Oxygen Transfer in the Breaker ZoneShohachi Kakuno, Douglas B. Moog, Tetsuya Tatekawa, Kenji Takemura, and Tatsuya Yamagishi 265Bubble Size Distributions on the North Atlantic and North SeaGerrit de Leeuw and Leo H. Cohen 271Measurements of Large Bubbles in Open-Ocean WhitecapsDale Stokes, Grant Deane, Svein Vagle, and David Farmer 279The Effects of Bubbles on Mass Transfer Across the Breaking Air-Water InterfaceSatoru Komori and Ryuta Misumi 285LUMINY - An OverviewC. de Leeuw, C. J. Kunz, C. Caulliez, D. K. Woolf, P. Bowyer, I. Leifer, P. Nightingale, M. Liddicoat, T. 5. Rhee, M. O. Andreae, S. E. Larsen, F. A. Hansen, and 5. Lund 291Bubbles Outside the Plume During the LUMINY Wind-Wave ExperimentGerrit de Leeuw and Ira Leifer 295Bubble Measurements in Breaking-Wave Generated Bubble Plumes During theLUMINY Wind-Wave ExperimentIra Leifer and Gerrit de Leeuw 303An Experimental Study of Bubble Mediated Gas Exchange for a Single BubbleNobuhito Mori, Masahiro Imamura, and Ryosuke Yamamoto 311Better Bubble Process Modeling: Improved Bubble Hydrodynamics ParameterizationRanjan Patro, Ira Leifer, and Peter Bowyer 315Development and Testing of an Eddy AccumulatorW. John Cooper, Mehran Alaee, and Mark Donelan 321Section 4: Remote Sensing for Large-Scale Gas TransferA Multi-Year Time Series of Global Gas Transfer Velocity from theTOPEX Dual Frequency,Normalized Radar Backscatter AlgorithmDavid M. Glover, Nelson M. Frew, Scott J . McCue, and Erik J . Bock 325A Global, High Resolution, Satellite-Based Model of Air-Sea Isoprene FluxDavid J. Erickson III and Jose L. Hernandez 333Daily Surface Wind Fields Produced by Merged Satellite DataAbderrahim Bentamy, Kristina B. Katsaros, William M. Drennan, and Evan B. Forde 343The Effect of Using Time-Averaged Winds on Regional Air-Sea C 0 2 FluxesRik Wanninkhof, Scott C. Doney, Taro Takahashi, and Wade R. McGillis 351Section 5: Gas Transfer by AerationA Dynamic Method to Estimate the Reoxygenation Rate at Hydraulic StructuresBadre E. Boumansour, Olivier Dufayt, Jean L. Vasel, and Jean M. Hiver 357Mass Transfer in Bubbly Flows: Influence of Physico-Chemical and Hydrodynamic ConditionsCornelia Lang 363Air-Water Gas Transfer in Uniform Flows With Large Gravel-Bed RoughnessDouglas B. Moog and Gerhard H. Jirka 371Large Scale Laboratory Experiments for Water Oxygenation Under Breaking WavesV. K. Tsoukala, E. I. Dan HI, and C. I. Moutzouris 377