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Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 160. Understanding the inner workings of our planet and its relationship to processes closer to the surface remains a frontier in the geosciences. Manmade probes barely reach ˜10 km depth and volcanism rarely brings up samples from deeper than ˜150 km. These distances are dwarfed by Earth's dimensions, and our knowledge of the deeper realms is pieced together from a range of surface observables, meteorite and solar atmosphere analyses, experimental and theoretical mineral physics and rock mechanics, and computer simulations. A major unresolved issue concerns the nature of mantle convection, the slow (1-5 cm/year) solid-state stirring that helps cool the planet by transporting radiogenic and primordial heat from Earth's interior to its surface.Expanding our knowledge here requires input from a range of geoscience disciplines, including seismology, geodynamics, mineral physics, and mantle petrology and chemistry. At the same time, with better data sets and faster computers, seismologists are producing more detailed models of 3-D variations in the propagation speed of different types of seismic waves; new instrumentation and access to state-of-the-art community facilities such as synchrotrons have enabled mineral physicists to measure rock and mineral properties at ever larger pressures and temperatures; new generations of mass spectrometers are allowing geo-chemists to quantify minute concentrations of diagnostic isotopes; and with supercomputers geodynamicists are making increasingly realistic simulations of dynamic processes at conditions not attainable in analogue experiments. But many questions persist. What causes the lateral variations in seismic wavespeed that we can image with mounting accuracy? How reliable are extrapolations of laboratory measurements on simple materials over many orders of magnitude of pressure and temperature? What are the effects of volatiles and minor elements on rock and mineral properties under extreme physical conditions? Can ab initio calculations help us understand material behavior in conditions that are still out of reach of laboratory measurement? What was the early evolution of our planet and to what extent does it still influence present-day dynamics? And how well do we know such first-order issues as the average bulk composition of Earth?
Robert D. van der Hilst and Jay D. Bass are the authors of Earth's Deep Mantle: Structure, Composition, and Evolution, published by Wiley.
PrefaceRobert D. van der Hilst, Jay D. Bass, Jan Matas, and Jean not Trampert viiEarth's Deep Mantle: Structure, Composition, and Evolution—An IntroductionRobert D. van der Hilst, Jay D. Bass, Jan Matas, and Jeannot Trampert 1Noble Gas Models of Mantle Structure and Reservoir Mass TransferDarrell Harrison and Chris J. Ballentine 9The Survival of Mantle Geochemical HeterogeneitiesFrancis Albarede 27Towards a Quantitative Interpretation of Global Seismic TomographyJeannot Trampert and Robert D. van der Hilst 47Seismic Modeling Constraints on the South African Super PlumeDon V. Helmberger and Sidao Ni 63Numerical and Laboratory Studies of Mantle Convection: Philosophy, Accomplishments, andThermochemical Structure and EvolutionPaul J. Tackley, Shunxing Xie, Takashi Nakagawa, and John W. Hern Iund 83Heterogeneous Lowermost Mantle: Compositional Constraints and Seismological ObservablesH. Samuel, C.G. Farnetani, and D, Andrault 101Numerical Study of the Origin and Stability of Chemically Distinct Reservoirs Deep in Earth's MantleP. van Thienen, J. van Summeren, R. D. van der Hilst, A. P. van den Berg, and N. J. Vlaar 117Self-Gravity, Self-Consistency, and Self-Organization in Geodynamics and GeochemistryDon L Anderson 137The Role of Theoretical Mineral Physics in Modeling the Earth's InteriorMark S. T. Bukowinski and Sofia Akber-Knutson 165The Uncertain Major Element Bulk Composition of Earth's MantleQ. Williams and E. Knittle 187Highly Siderophile Elements: Constraints on Earth Accretion and Early DifferentiationKevin Righter 201Mantle Oxidation State and Oxygen Fugacity: Constraints on Mantle Chemistry, Structure, and DynamicsCatherine A. McCammon 219Thermochemical State of the Lower Mantle: New Insights From Mineral PhysicsJames Badro, Guillaume Fiquet, and Frangois Guyot 241Stability of MgSiOs Perovskite in the Lower MantleSang-Heon Shim 261Synthetic Tomographic Images of Slabs From Mineral PhysicsY. Ricard, E. Mattern, and J. Matas 283Compositional Dependence of the Elastic Wave Velocities of Mantle Minerals: Implications for SeismicProperties of Mantle RocksSergio Speziale, Fuming Jiang, and Thomas S. Duffy 301Recent Progress in Experimental Mineral Physics: Phase Relations of Hydrous Systems and the Role of Water in Slab DynamicsFiji Ohtani 321
