Dr. Yongliang Zhang is a Senior Scientist at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland, USA. His research focuses on aurora, ionosphere and thermosphere remote sensing based on image intensifier (FUV) measurements. He developed many algorithms for FUV based auroral (precipitating electrons, boundary), thermosphere (O/N2 ratio, NO column density), and ionosphere (TEC) products using image data. These products have been used by the community and resulted in many publications. He discovered new auroral phenomena, such as detached aurora, polar rain aurora, neutral particle aurora, etc. He developed an empirical global auroral model of electron energy flux and mean energy. This auroral model has been used by scientists around the world in their ionosphere/thermosphere simulations and improved their simulation results. The auroral model (equatorward auroral boundary) has been included in the 2012 International Reference Ionosphere. He also developed an empirical auroral model and received a NASA group achievement award in 2008. Dr. Zhang is a member of AGU since 1990, member of COSPAR since 2008, member of AOGS since 2009. He has published a number of papers on new aurora phenomena: ring current and polar rain aurora in some of the eminent AGU journals, JGR and GRL. He received excellent reviewer award for JGR-space physics in 2012.Dr. Larry J. Paxton is a Principal Scientist and Supervisor for Geospace and Earth Science Group at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Johns Hopkins University in Laurel, Maryland, USA. He is an expert and leader in both scientific research and instrument development in the field of aurora, ionosphere and thermosphere. He has published many scientific and technical papers. He is the PI for DMSP/SSUSI and TIMED/GUVI that is dedicated for the near earth space environment monitoring, including three areas mentioned above. He also serves as a member for many panels and committees including the American Astronomical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society and Sigma Xi. He is now AGU Secretary for Aeronomy. Dr. Paxton has organized over 35 special sessions at American Geophysical Union (AGU) meetings since 2000. Dr. Paxton has been author or co-author on over 250 abstracts at AGU meetings since 2000 and been author or co-author of over 450 presentations at national and international meetings.

• Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: Aurora Types and Dynamics 11 Investigations of the Many Distinct Types of AurorasChristopher A Colpitts 32 Quasiperiodic Aurora: Outstanding Problems and Recent ResultsEric J Lund 193 Inverted]V Auroral Arcs and Alfvén WavesChristopher C Chaston 294 Auroral Arcs and Ion OutflowRomain Maggiolo 395 Isolated Proton Auroras and Pc1/EMIC Waves at Subauroral LatitudesKaori Sakaguchi, Kazuo Shiokawa, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, and Martin Connors 596 Dynamics of the Dayside Aurora as Viewed from the South PoleDonald J McEwen, Gulamabas Gulamhusen Sivjee, and Yongliang Zhang 717 Structures in Polar Rain AurorasYongliang Zhang, Larry J Paxton, and Hyosub Kil 818 Dynamics Related to Plasmasheet Flow Bursts as Revealed from the AuroraLarry R Lyons, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Beatrice Gallardo]Lacourt, Ying Zou, Eric F Donovan, Stephen Mende, Vassills Angelopoulos, John M Ruohoniemi, Kathryn A McWilliams, Don L Hampton, and Michael J Nicolls 959 Role of Multiple Atmospheric Reflections in Formation of Electron Distribution Function in the Diffuse Aurora RegionGeorge V Khazanov, Elizabeth W Himwich, Alex Glocer, and David G Sibeck 115Part II: Hemispheric Conjugacy of Auroras 13110 Mechanisms that Produce Auroral Asymmetries in Conjugate HemispheresNikolai Østgaard, Jone Peter Reistad, Paul Tenfjord, Karl Magnus Laundal, Kristian Snekvik, Steve Milan, and Stein Haaland 13311 Interhemispheric Symmetries and Asymmetries of Aurora from Ground]Based Conjugate ObservationsNatsuo Sato, Akira Kadokura, Tetsuo Motoba, Keisuke Hosokawa, Gunnlaugur Björnsson, and Thorsteinn Saemundsson 145Part III: Substorm Aurora 16312 Magnetospheric Substorm Onset by Current Disruption ProcessesAnthony T Y Lui 16513 Substorm Auroral Dynamics Reproduced by Advanced Global Magnetosphere−Ionosphere (M–I) Coupling SimulationTakashi Tanaka 177Part IV: Radio Aurora 19114 The Radar AuroraDavid L Hysell 19315 GPS Phase Scintillation at High Latitudes during Two Geomagnetic StormsPaul Prikryl, Reza Ghoddousi]Fard, John M Ruohoniemi, and Evan G Thomas 21116 Radio Absorption in Auroral RegionJohn K Hargreaves 23317 Auroral Kilometric Radiation: Polarization and Spectra Observed Far from EarthKozo Hashimoto, Yoshitaka Goto, Yoshiya Kasahara, Hiroshi Matsumoto, and Roger R Anderson 255Part V: Auroral Models and Predictions 27518 Auroral Precipitation Models and Space WeatherPatrick T Newell, Kan Liou, Yongliang Zhang, Thomas S Sotirelis, Larry J Paxton, and Elizabeth J Mitchell 27719 Space Weather Products and Tools Used in Auroral Monitoring and Forecasting at CCMC/SWRCYihua Zheng and Lutz Rastaetter 291Index 303

Dr. Yongliang Zhang is a Senior Scientist at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland, USA. His research focuses on aurora, ionosphere and thermosphere remote sensing based on image intensifier (FUV) measurements. He developed many algorithms for FUV based auroral (precipitating electrons, boundary), thermosphere (O/N2 ratio, NO column density), and ionosphere (TEC) products using image data. These products have been used by the community and resulted in many publications. He discovered new auroral phenomena, such as detached aurora, polar rain aurora, neutral particle aurora, etc. He developed an empirical global auroral model of electron energy flux and mean energy. This auroral model has been used by scientists around the world in their ionosphere/thermosphere simulations and improved their simulation results. The auroral model (equatorward auroral boundary) has been included in the 2012 International Reference Ionosphere. He also developed an empirical auroral model and received a NASA group achievement award in 2008. Dr. Zhang is a member of AGU since 1990, member of COSPAR since 2008, member of AOGS since 2009. He has published a number of papers on new aurora phenomena: ring current and polar rain aurora in some of the eminent AGU journals, JGR and GRL. He received excellent reviewer award for JGR-space physics in 2012.Dr. Larry J. Paxton is a Principal Scientist and Supervisor for Geospace and Earth Science Group at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Johns Hopkins University in Laurel, Maryland, USA. He is an expert and leader in both scientific research and instrument development in the field of aurora, ionosphere and thermosphere. He has published many scientific and technical papers. He is the PI for DMSP/SSUSI and TIMED/GUVI that is dedicated for the near earth space environment monitoring, including three areas mentioned above. He also serves as a member for many panels and committees including the American Astronomical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society and Sigma Xi. He is now AGU Secretary for Aeronomy. Dr. Paxton has organized over 35 special sessions at American Geophysical Union (AGU) meetings since 2000. Dr. Paxton has been author or co-author on over 250 abstracts at AGU meetings since 2000 and been author or co-author of over 450 presentations at national and international meetings.

• Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: Aurora Types and Dynamics 11 Investigations of the Many Distinct Types of AurorasChristopher A Colpitts 32 Quasiperiodic Aurora: Outstanding Problems and Recent ResultsEric J Lund 193 Inverted]V Auroral Arcs and Alfvén WavesChristopher C Chaston 294 Auroral Arcs and Ion OutflowRomain Maggiolo 395 Isolated Proton Auroras and Pc1/EMIC Waves at Subauroral LatitudesKaori Sakaguchi, Kazuo Shiokawa, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, and Martin Connors 596 Dynamics of the Dayside Aurora as Viewed from the South PoleDonald J McEwen, Gulamabas Gulamhusen Sivjee, and Yongliang Zhang 717 Structures in Polar Rain AurorasYongliang Zhang, Larry J Paxton, and Hyosub Kil 818 Dynamics Related to Plasmasheet Flow Bursts as Revealed from the AuroraLarry R Lyons, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Beatrice Gallardo]Lacourt, Ying Zou, Eric F Donovan, Stephen Mende, Vassills Angelopoulos, John M Ruohoniemi, Kathryn A McWilliams, Don L Hampton, and Michael J Nicolls 959 Role of Multiple Atmospheric Reflections in Formation of Electron Distribution Function in the Diffuse Aurora RegionGeorge V Khazanov, Elizabeth W Himwich, Alex Glocer, and David G Sibeck 115Part II: Hemispheric Conjugacy of Auroras 13110 Mechanisms that Produce Auroral Asymmetries in Conjugate HemispheresNikolai Østgaard, Jone Peter Reistad, Paul Tenfjord, Karl Magnus Laundal, Kristian Snekvik, Steve Milan, and Stein Haaland 13311 Interhemispheric Symmetries and Asymmetries of Aurora from Ground]Based Conjugate ObservationsNatsuo Sato, Akira Kadokura, Tetsuo Motoba, Keisuke Hosokawa, Gunnlaugur Björnsson, and Thorsteinn Saemundsson 145Part III: Substorm Aurora 16312 Magnetospheric Substorm Onset by Current Disruption ProcessesAnthony T Y Lui 16513 Substorm Auroral Dynamics Reproduced by Advanced Global Magnetosphere−Ionosphere (M–I) Coupling SimulationTakashi Tanaka 177Part IV: Radio Aurora 19114 The Radar AuroraDavid L Hysell 19315 GPS Phase Scintillation at High Latitudes during Two Geomagnetic StormsPaul Prikryl, Reza Ghoddousi]Fard, John M Ruohoniemi, and Evan G Thomas 21116 Radio Absorption in Auroral RegionJohn K Hargreaves 23317 Auroral Kilometric Radiation: Polarization and Spectra Observed Far from EarthKozo Hashimoto, Yoshitaka Goto, Yoshiya Kasahara, Hiroshi Matsumoto, and Roger R Anderson 255Part V: Auroral Models and Predictions 27518 Auroral Precipitation Models and Space WeatherPatrick T Newell, Kan Liou, Yongliang Zhang, Thomas S Sotirelis, Larry J Paxton, and Elizabeth J Mitchell 27719 Space Weather Products and Tools Used in Auroral Monitoring and Forecasting at CCMC/SWRCYihua Zheng and Lutz Rastaetter 291Index 303

Dr. Yongliang Zhang is a Senior Scientist at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland, USA. His research focuses on aurora, ionosphere and thermosphere remote sensing based on image intensifier (FUV) measurements. He developed many algorithms for FUV based auroral (precipitating electrons, boundary), thermosphere (O/N2 ratio, NO column density), and ionosphere (TEC) products using image data. These products have been used by the community and resulted in many publications. He discovered new auroral phenomena, such as detached aurora, polar rain aurora, neutral particle aurora, etc. He developed an empirical global auroral model of electron energy flux and mean energy. This auroral model has been used by scientists around the world in their ionosphere/thermosphere simulations and improved their simulation results. The auroral model (equatorward auroral boundary) has been included in the 2012 International Reference Ionosphere. He also developed an empirical auroral model and received a NASA group achievement award in 2008. Dr. Zhang is a member of AGU since 1990, member of COSPAR since 2008, member of AOGS since 2009. He has published a number of papers on new aurora phenomena: ring current and polar rain aurora in some of the eminent AGU journals, JGR and GRL. He received excellent reviewer award for JGR-space physics in 2012.Dr. Larry J. Paxton is a Principal Scientist and Supervisor for Geospace and Earth Science Group at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Johns Hopkins University in Laurel, Maryland, USA. He is an expert and leader in both scientific research and instrument development in the field of aurora, ionosphere and thermosphere. He has published many scientific and technical papers. He is the PI for DMSP/SSUSI and TIMED/GUVI that is dedicated for the near earth space environment monitoring, including three areas mentioned above. He also serves as a member for many panels and committees including the American Astronomical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society and Sigma Xi. He is now AGU Secretary for Aeronomy. Dr. Paxton has organized over 35 special sessions at American Geophysical Union (AGU) meetings since 2000. Dr. Paxton has been author or co-author on over 250 abstracts at AGU meetings since 2000 and been author or co-author of over 450 presentations at national and international meetings.

• Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: Aurora Types and Dynamics 11 Investigations of the Many Distinct Types of AurorasChristopher A Colpitts 32 Quasiperiodic Aurora: Outstanding Problems and Recent ResultsEric J Lund 193 Inverted]V Auroral Arcs and Alfvén WavesChristopher C Chaston 294 Auroral Arcs and Ion OutflowRomain Maggiolo 395 Isolated Proton Auroras and Pc1/EMIC Waves at Subauroral LatitudesKaori Sakaguchi, Kazuo Shiokawa, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, and Martin Connors 596 Dynamics of the Dayside Aurora as Viewed from the South PoleDonald J McEwen, Gulamabas Gulamhusen Sivjee, and Yongliang Zhang 717 Structures in Polar Rain AurorasYongliang Zhang, Larry J Paxton, and Hyosub Kil 818 Dynamics Related to Plasmasheet Flow Bursts as Revealed from the AuroraLarry R Lyons, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Beatrice Gallardo]Lacourt, Ying Zou, Eric F Donovan, Stephen Mende, Vassills Angelopoulos, John M Ruohoniemi, Kathryn A McWilliams, Don L Hampton, and Michael J Nicolls 959 Role of Multiple Atmospheric Reflections in Formation of Electron Distribution Function in the Diffuse Aurora RegionGeorge V Khazanov, Elizabeth W Himwich, Alex Glocer, and David G Sibeck 115Part II: Hemispheric Conjugacy of Auroras 13110 Mechanisms that Produce Auroral Asymmetries in Conjugate HemispheresNikolai Østgaard, Jone Peter Reistad, Paul Tenfjord, Karl Magnus Laundal, Kristian Snekvik, Steve Milan, and Stein Haaland 13311 Interhemispheric Symmetries and Asymmetries of Aurora from Ground]Based Conjugate ObservationsNatsuo Sato, Akira Kadokura, Tetsuo Motoba, Keisuke Hosokawa, Gunnlaugur Björnsson, and Thorsteinn Saemundsson 145Part III: Substorm Aurora 16312 Magnetospheric Substorm Onset by Current Disruption ProcessesAnthony T Y Lui 16513 Substorm Auroral Dynamics Reproduced by Advanced Global Magnetosphere−Ionosphere (M–I) Coupling SimulationTakashi Tanaka 177Part IV: Radio Aurora 19114 The Radar AuroraDavid L Hysell 19315 GPS Phase Scintillation at High Latitudes during Two Geomagnetic StormsPaul Prikryl, Reza Ghoddousi]Fard, John M Ruohoniemi, and Evan G Thomas 21116 Radio Absorption in Auroral RegionJohn K Hargreaves 23317 Auroral Kilometric Radiation: Polarization and Spectra Observed Far from EarthKozo Hashimoto, Yoshitaka Goto, Yoshiya Kasahara, Hiroshi Matsumoto, and Roger R Anderson 255Part V: Auroral Models and Predictions 27518 Auroral Precipitation Models and Space WeatherPatrick T Newell, Kan Liou, Yongliang Zhang, Thomas S Sotirelis, Larry J Paxton, and Elizabeth J Mitchell 27719 Space Weather Products and Tools Used in Auroral Monitoring and Forecasting at CCMC/SWRCYihua Zheng and Lutz Rastaetter 291Index 303