Michael C. LeMay, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of political science at California State University–San Bernardino, USA, with 35 years experience teaching at the university level.

• Preface1. Background and HistoryIntroductionThe Border before 18481848–1865: The Mexican-American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the Consolidation of the Border Line1865–1890: Post–Civil War Migration and Development1890–1930: The Border Boom1930–1942: The Interwar Years1942–1964: The Bracero Program1965–2000: Trends in Migration2000 to Today: Militarizing the Border after 9/11ConclusionReferences2. Problems, Controversies, and SolutionsIntroductionAsylum and Refugee ProblemsBorder Barriers and the Militarization of the BorderColonizationDrugs, Guns, and Human TraffickingEconomic Cycles of Booms and BustsEnvironmental and Water ProblemsForeign Policy IssuesGlobal Economic IssuesIllegal Immigration FlowsMedicine, Medical Accessibility, and Medical TourismPolitical IncorporationSocial Change in the Borderland RegionConclusionReferences3. PerspectivesIntroductionMexican Americans and the Long Fight against Segregation in the Southwest, David-James GonzalesThe Fourteenth Amendment, Incorporation Doctrine, and the U.S.-Mexico Border States, Timothy R. Johnson and Rachael HoustonIndian Boarding Schools: A History Worth Remembering, Elizabeth M. LoomerSocial Justice and Injustice in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region, Mark LuskUnderstanding Political Inactivity in the Border Region, Maria Antonieta ReyesChanging Labor Dynamics on the U.S.-Mexico Border: Agricultural and Domestic Workers in Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Mark SakaThe Apache Wars and the U.S.-Mexico Border, David Zeh4. ProfilesIntroductionOrganizations- Alianza Federal de Mercedes- Center for Biological Diversity- Center for Land Grant Studies- Chicanos Por La Causa- Human Rights First- League of United Latin American Citizens- Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund- Mexican American Political Association- Mexican American Youth Organization- Movimiento Estudientil Chicanx de Aztlan- National Alliance for Hispanic Health- National Hispanic Institute- New Mexico Center on Law and Poverty- Office of Refugee Resettlement- Pew Research Center- Sinaloa Cartel- Unidos US- United Farm Workers- United We Dream- Voto LatinoPeople- Brewer, Janet (1944–)- Bush, George W. (1946–)- Castro, Julian (1974–)- Catron, Thomas Benton (1840–1921)- Cuellar, Henry (1955–)- Geronimo (1829–1909)- Grijalva, Raul (1948–)- Grisham, Michelle Lujan (1959–)- Huerta, Dolores (1930–)- Jimenez, Cristina (1984–)- Lujan, Ben Ray (1972–)- Obama, Barack (1961–)- Parker, Quanah (1845/1852–1911)- Polk, James K. (1795–1849)- Richardson, Bill (1947–)- Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945)- Roybal, Eduardo (1916–2005)- Sessions, Jeff (1946–)- Trump, Donald (1946–)- Vargas, Juan (1961–)References5. Data and DocumentsIntroductionData- The Pueblos of New Mexico and the Language Spoken- The Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819- Twinning Cities of the U.S.-Mexico Border, West to East- The U.S.-Mexico Border Region and Key Twinning Cities- Congressional Districts Spanning the U.S.-Mexico Border and the Member Representing that District (116th Congress, 2019)- Members of the Congressional Border Caucus- Members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus- Members of the Congressional Hispanic Conference- Border Patrol Sectors along the Southwest Border- Border Agents and Border Apprehensions, 2000–2019- Total Apprehensions at the Southwest Border, FY1960–FY2019- Total Apprehensions at the Southwest Border, by Country of Origin, FY2000– FY2019- Percentage of UAC Apprehended by the U.S. Border Patrol at the Southwest Border, by Country of - Origin, FY2016Documents- Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848- Gadsden Purchase Agreement, 1854- An Act Granting Citizenship to Certain Indians, November 6, 1919- Border Patrol Act of 1925- Agricultural Act of 1949- Multilateral Protocol and Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1954 and 1966)- Refugee Act of March 17, 1980- La Paz Agreement of August 14, 1983- Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of November 6, 1986- Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT) of November 29, 1990- LULAC et al. v. Wilson et al. (1995)- Secure Fence Act of 2006- Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children, 2012- Asylum Eligibility Interim Final Rule, 20196. ResourcesIntroductionBooksScholarly JournalsFilmsVideos7. ChronologyGlossaryIndex

Michael C. LeMay, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of political science at California State University–San Bernardino, USA, with 35 years experience teaching at the university level.

• Preface1. Background and HistoryIntroductionThe Border before 18481848–1865: The Mexican-American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the Consolidation of the Border Line1865–1890: Post–Civil War Migration and Development1890–1930: The Border Boom1930–1942: The Interwar Years1942–1964: The Bracero Program1965–2000: Trends in Migration2000 to Today: Militarizing the Border after 9/11ConclusionReferences2. Problems, Controversies, and SolutionsIntroductionAsylum and Refugee ProblemsBorder Barriers and the Militarization of the BorderColonizationDrugs, Guns, and Human TraffickingEconomic Cycles of Booms and BustsEnvironmental and Water ProblemsForeign Policy IssuesGlobal Economic IssuesIllegal Immigration FlowsMedicine, Medical Accessibility, and Medical TourismPolitical IncorporationSocial Change in the Borderland RegionConclusionReferences3. PerspectivesIntroductionMexican Americans and the Long Fight against Segregation in the Southwest, David-James GonzalesThe Fourteenth Amendment, Incorporation Doctrine, and the U.S.-Mexico Border States, Timothy R. Johnson and Rachael HoustonIndian Boarding Schools: A History Worth Remembering, Elizabeth M. LoomerSocial Justice and Injustice in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region, Mark LuskUnderstanding Political Inactivity in the Border Region, Maria Antonieta ReyesChanging Labor Dynamics on the U.S.-Mexico Border: Agricultural and Domestic Workers in Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Mark SakaThe Apache Wars and the U.S.-Mexico Border, David Zeh4. ProfilesIntroductionOrganizations- Alianza Federal de Mercedes- Center for Biological Diversity- Center for Land Grant Studies- Chicanos Por La Causa- Human Rights First- League of United Latin American Citizens- Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund- Mexican American Political Association- Mexican American Youth Organization- Movimiento Estudientil Chicanx de Aztlan- National Alliance for Hispanic Health- National Hispanic Institute- New Mexico Center on Law and Poverty- Office of Refugee Resettlement- Pew Research Center- Sinaloa Cartel- Unidos US- United Farm Workers- United We Dream- Voto LatinoPeople- Brewer, Janet (1944–)- Bush, George W. (1946–)- Castro, Julian (1974–)- Catron, Thomas Benton (1840–1921)- Cuellar, Henry (1955–)- Geronimo (1829–1909)- Grijalva, Raul (1948–)- Grisham, Michelle Lujan (1959–)- Huerta, Dolores (1930–)- Jimenez, Cristina (1984–)- Lujan, Ben Ray (1972–)- Obama, Barack (1961–)- Parker, Quanah (1845/1852–1911)- Polk, James K. (1795–1849)- Richardson, Bill (1947–)- Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945)- Roybal, Eduardo (1916–2005)- Sessions, Jeff (1946–)- Trump, Donald (1946–)- Vargas, Juan (1961–)References5. Data and DocumentsIntroductionData- The Pueblos of New Mexico and the Language Spoken- The Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819- Twinning Cities of the U.S.-Mexico Border, West to East- The U.S.-Mexico Border Region and Key Twinning Cities- Congressional Districts Spanning the U.S.-Mexico Border and the Member Representing that District (116th Congress, 2019)- Members of the Congressional Border Caucus- Members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus- Members of the Congressional Hispanic Conference- Border Patrol Sectors along the Southwest Border- Border Agents and Border Apprehensions, 2000–2019- Total Apprehensions at the Southwest Border, FY1960–FY2019- Total Apprehensions at the Southwest Border, by Country of Origin, FY2000– FY2019- Percentage of UAC Apprehended by the U.S. Border Patrol at the Southwest Border, by Country of - Origin, FY2016Documents- Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848- Gadsden Purchase Agreement, 1854- An Act Granting Citizenship to Certain Indians, November 6, 1919- Border Patrol Act of 1925- Agricultural Act of 1949- Multilateral Protocol and Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1954 and 1966)- Refugee Act of March 17, 1980- La Paz Agreement of August 14, 1983- Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of November 6, 1986- Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT) of November 29, 1990- LULAC et al. v. Wilson et al. (1995)- Secure Fence Act of 2006- Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children, 2012- Asylum Eligibility Interim Final Rule, 20196. ResourcesIntroductionBooksScholarly JournalsFilmsVideos7. ChronologyGlossaryIndex

Michael C. LeMay, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of political science at California State University–San Bernardino, USA, with 35 years experience teaching at the university level.

• Preface1. Background and HistoryIntroductionThe Border before 18481848–1865: The Mexican-American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the Consolidation of the Border Line1865–1890: Post–Civil War Migration and Development1890–1930: The Border Boom1930–1942: The Interwar Years1942–1964: The Bracero Program1965–2000: Trends in Migration2000 to Today: Militarizing the Border after 9/11ConclusionReferences2. Problems, Controversies, and SolutionsIntroductionAsylum and Refugee ProblemsBorder Barriers and the Militarization of the BorderColonizationDrugs, Guns, and Human TraffickingEconomic Cycles of Booms and BustsEnvironmental and Water ProblemsForeign Policy IssuesGlobal Economic IssuesIllegal Immigration FlowsMedicine, Medical Accessibility, and Medical TourismPolitical IncorporationSocial Change in the Borderland RegionConclusionReferences3. PerspectivesIntroductionMexican Americans and the Long Fight against Segregation in the Southwest, David-James GonzalesThe Fourteenth Amendment, Incorporation Doctrine, and the U.S.-Mexico Border States, Timothy R. Johnson and Rachael HoustonIndian Boarding Schools: A History Worth Remembering, Elizabeth M. LoomerSocial Justice and Injustice in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region, Mark LuskUnderstanding Political Inactivity in the Border Region, Maria Antonieta ReyesChanging Labor Dynamics on the U.S.-Mexico Border: Agricultural and Domestic Workers in Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Mark SakaThe Apache Wars and the U.S.-Mexico Border, David Zeh4. ProfilesIntroductionOrganizations- Alianza Federal de Mercedes- Center for Biological Diversity- Center for Land Grant Studies- Chicanos Por La Causa- Human Rights First- League of United Latin American Citizens- Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund- Mexican American Political Association- Mexican American Youth Organization- Movimiento Estudientil Chicanx de Aztlan- National Alliance for Hispanic Health- National Hispanic Institute- New Mexico Center on Law and Poverty- Office of Refugee Resettlement- Pew Research Center- Sinaloa Cartel- Unidos US- United Farm Workers- United We Dream- Voto LatinoPeople- Brewer, Janet (1944–)- Bush, George W. (1946–)- Castro, Julian (1974–)- Catron, Thomas Benton (1840–1921)- Cuellar, Henry (1955–)- Geronimo (1829–1909)- Grijalva, Raul (1948–)- Grisham, Michelle Lujan (1959–)- Huerta, Dolores (1930–)- Jimenez, Cristina (1984–)- Lujan, Ben Ray (1972–)- Obama, Barack (1961–)- Parker, Quanah (1845/1852–1911)- Polk, James K. (1795–1849)- Richardson, Bill (1947–)- Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945)- Roybal, Eduardo (1916–2005)- Sessions, Jeff (1946–)- Trump, Donald (1946–)- Vargas, Juan (1961–)References5. Data and DocumentsIntroductionData- The Pueblos of New Mexico and the Language Spoken- The Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819- Twinning Cities of the U.S.-Mexico Border, West to East- The U.S.-Mexico Border Region and Key Twinning Cities- Congressional Districts Spanning the U.S.-Mexico Border and the Member Representing that District (116th Congress, 2019)- Members of the Congressional Border Caucus- Members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus- Members of the Congressional Hispanic Conference- Border Patrol Sectors along the Southwest Border- Border Agents and Border Apprehensions, 2000–2019- Total Apprehensions at the Southwest Border, FY1960–FY2019- Total Apprehensions at the Southwest Border, by Country of Origin, FY2000– FY2019- Percentage of UAC Apprehended by the U.S. Border Patrol at the Southwest Border, by Country of - Origin, FY2016Documents- Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848- Gadsden Purchase Agreement, 1854- An Act Granting Citizenship to Certain Indians, November 6, 1919- Border Patrol Act of 1925- Agricultural Act of 1949- Multilateral Protocol and Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1954 and 1966)- Refugee Act of March 17, 1980- La Paz Agreement of August 14, 1983- Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of November 6, 1986- Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT) of November 29, 1990- LULAC et al. v. Wilson et al. (1995)- Secure Fence Act of 2006- Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children, 2012- Asylum Eligibility Interim Final Rule, 20196. ResourcesIntroductionBooksScholarly JournalsFilmsVideos7. ChronologyGlossaryIndex