Edited by Susy Frankel, Counsellor, Intellectual Property, Government Procurement and Competition Division, World Trade Organization and Professor of Law, Chair in Intellectual Property and International Trade, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, Margaret Chon, Donald and Lynda Horowitz Endowed Chair for the Pursuit of Justice, Seattle University School of Law, Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Global Professor of Intellectual Property Law and Distinguished University Professor, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, Barbara Lauriat, School of Law, Texas Tech University, US and Jens Schovsbo, Professor of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

• Contents:Preface xivRochelle Dreyfuss: Teacher, Builder, Scholar, Friend xvHarry FirstAcknowledgements xixList of common citations xxList of common abbreviations xxi1 Introduction 1Graeme Dinwoodie and Susy FrankelPART I ADDRESSING BOUNDARIES AND IMBALANCE2 Prioritizing intellectual property’s freedom to operate 7Margaret Chon3 Are negative spaces likely to be fragile? 18Christopher Jon Sprigman4 The Marrakesh Treaty: Using the tools of intellectualproperty law to advance human rights 28Laurence R. HelferPART II PUBLIC HEALTH, PANDEMICS AND CRISES5 Winning and losing pairings in access to medicines:A practical guide 39Peter F. Drahos6 COVID crisis underscores IP imbalance 50Cynthia M. Ho7 Using compulsory licences as a governance tool: The needfor greater effectiveness and policy coherence 61Duncan Matthews, Esther van Zimmeren and Timo Minssen8 Food security, food crisis and boundaries to intellectual property 75Geertrui Van OverwallePART III PATENT CHALLENGES9 The case for a liability rule to stimulate investment insub-patentable innovation 88Jerome H. Reichman and Ana Santos Rutschman10 How do we protect biomedical research in the evolvingintellectual property environment? 95Dianne Nicol and Jane Nielsen11 The validity of patent royalties after patent expiration:Brulotte/Kimble from the viewpoint of Japanese privateinternational law 106Toshiyuki Kono12 ‘Tool Time’: The continuing relevance of compulsorylicensing as a patent policy tool 116Margo A. Bagley13 US patent reform 2.0: Simplifying first-inventor-to-file novelty 126Toshiko TakenakaPART IV DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND COURTSPECIALIZATION14 The Federal Circuit’s reach as a specialized court beyondpatent law 138Jeanne C. Fromer15 Specialization everywhere: Increasing adjudicatorspecialization in the patent litigation ecosystem 149Sarah R. Wasserman Rajec and Melissa F. Wasserman16 The Unified Patent Court: A new patent troll haven 159Thomas Riis17 Transnational judicial competition in intellectual property law 170Marketa Trimble18 Navigating public, private, national, and global:International commercial arbitration of patent disputes 180Barbara LauriatPART V AUTHORS AND INVENTORS19 Authors’ copyright (?) 191Jane C. Ginsburg20 Authors’ moral rights in the Berne Convention 204Gustavo Ghidini and Laura Moscati21 AI machines as inventors: The role of human agency in patent law 214Brad Sherman22 Artificial inventors 224Daniel GervaisPART VI EXPRESSIVE GENERICITY AND FREEDOMS23 Patent exhaustion as a canon of expressive freedom 235Dan L. Burk24 Expressive genericity revisited: What EU policymakerscan learn from Rochelle Dreyfuss 246Martin Senftleben25 The sensibility of ‘expressive genericity’ and the rise (andpotential fall) of Rogers v. Grimaldi in American trademark law 258Barton Beebe26 Trademarks as language in the 21st century 266David Tan27 Do trademarks assist global fabless manufacturing? 277Stephen Petrie, Trevor Kollmann, Russell Thomson,Alexandru Codoreanu and Elizabeth WebsterPART VII INFORMATION/DATA ANDCONFIDENTIALITY/PUBLICITY28 Information law pioneer 290Sharon K. Sandeen29 The right of publicity as civic communication 301Megan Richardson30 Governing valuable confidential data in the EU:Transparency as fairness 310Nari Lee31 FAIR, FRAND and open – the institutionalization ofresearch data sharing under the EU data strategy 320Mireille van Eechoud32 A shifting paradigm of regulatory data transparency inEurope: How to reconcile the irreconcilable 331Żaneta Zemła-PacudPART VIII NON-DISCRIMINATION ISSUES33 Remuneration rights and national treatment 342Bernt Hugenholtz34 The limits of national treatment 354Annette Kur35 Discriminatory non-discrimination 364Susy Frankel36 Non-discrimination as to the field of commerce as a normof international trade mark law 374Lionel BentlyPART IX MAKING INTERNATIONAL IP ANDINVESTMENT LAW37 Proceduralism is not fetishism: International intellectualproperty lawmaking and global administrative law 386Orit Fischman Afori38 Early findings on the economic impacts of intellectualproperty-related trade agreements 397Keith E. Maskus and William Ridley39 The changing chemistry between intellectual property andinvestment law 406Peter K. Yu40 Investment treaties and public health: Time to rethink thestrategy? 417Dhanay Cadillo Chandler41 Excluding intellectual property from bilateral trade andinvestment agreements: A lesson from the global health crisis 427Christophe GeigerPART X INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICAL DRIVERS42 Justifying the public law of patents 439Kali Murray43 WIPO alert – a reason to be alerted? 450Alexander Peukert44 A scholarly look at international IP – idealistic and pragmatic 462Justin Hughes and Ruth L. Okediji45 IP in an era of new mercantilism 475Daniel Benoliel46 Toward pluralism in U.S. intellectual property 486Michael J. Burstein47 Does IP improve the world? 494Henning Grosse Ruse-KhanIndex

‘My advice to beginners in patent and innovation law scholarship, whether students or junior faculty, has always been the same: start by reading Rochelle Dreyfuss’s work on the subject. Improving Intellectual Property is a wide-ranging collection of insightful writing inspired by Rochelle’s work that vindicates the soundness of that advice. It also inspires a second piece of advice: Next, read this volume!’

Edited by Susy Frankel, Counsellor, Intellectual Property, Government Procurement and Competition Division, World Trade Organization and Professor of Law, Chair in Intellectual Property and International Trade, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, Margaret Chon, Donald and Lynda Horowitz Endowed Chair for the Pursuit of Justice, Seattle University School of Law, Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Global Professor of Intellectual Property Law and Distinguished University Professor, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, Barbara Lauriat, School of Law, Texas Tech University, US and Jens Schovsbo, Professor of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

• Contents:Preface xivRochelle Dreyfuss: Teacher, Builder, Scholar, Friend xvHarry FirstAcknowledgements xixList of common citations xxList of common abbreviations xxi1 Introduction 1Graeme Dinwoodie and Susy FrankelPART I ADDRESSING BOUNDARIES AND IMBALANCE2 Prioritizing intellectual property’s freedom to operate 7Margaret Chon3 Are negative spaces likely to be fragile? 18Christopher Jon Sprigman4 The Marrakesh Treaty: Using the tools of intellectualproperty law to advance human rights 28Laurence R. HelferPART II PUBLIC HEALTH, PANDEMICS AND CRISES5 Winning and losing pairings in access to medicines:A practical guide 39Peter F. Drahos6 COVID crisis underscores IP imbalance 50Cynthia M. Ho7 Using compulsory licences as a governance tool: The needfor greater effectiveness and policy coherence 61Duncan Matthews, Esther van Zimmeren and Timo Minssen8 Food security, food crisis and boundaries to intellectual property 75Geertrui Van OverwallePART III PATENT CHALLENGES9 The case for a liability rule to stimulate investment insub-patentable innovation 88Jerome H. Reichman and Ana Santos Rutschman10 How do we protect biomedical research in the evolvingintellectual property environment? 95Dianne Nicol and Jane Nielsen11 The validity of patent royalties after patent expiration:Brulotte/Kimble from the viewpoint of Japanese privateinternational law 106Toshiyuki Kono12 ‘Tool Time’: The continuing relevance of compulsorylicensing as a patent policy tool 116Margo A. Bagley13 US patent reform 2.0: Simplifying first-inventor-to-file novelty 126Toshiko TakenakaPART IV DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND COURTSPECIALIZATION14 The Federal Circuit’s reach as a specialized court beyondpatent law 138Jeanne C. Fromer15 Specialization everywhere: Increasing adjudicatorspecialization in the patent litigation ecosystem 149Sarah R. Wasserman Rajec and Melissa F. Wasserman16 The Unified Patent Court: A new patent troll haven 159Thomas Riis17 Transnational judicial competition in intellectual property law 170Marketa Trimble18 Navigating public, private, national, and global:International commercial arbitration of patent disputes 180Barbara LauriatPART V AUTHORS AND INVENTORS19 Authors’ copyright (?) 191Jane C. Ginsburg20 Authors’ moral rights in the Berne Convention 204Gustavo Ghidini and Laura Moscati21 AI machines as inventors: The role of human agency in patent law 214Brad Sherman22 Artificial inventors 224Daniel GervaisPART VI EXPRESSIVE GENERICITY AND FREEDOMS23 Patent exhaustion as a canon of expressive freedom 235Dan L. Burk24 Expressive genericity revisited: What EU policymakerscan learn from Rochelle Dreyfuss 246Martin Senftleben25 The sensibility of ‘expressive genericity’ and the rise (andpotential fall) of Rogers v. Grimaldi in American trademark law 258Barton Beebe26 Trademarks as language in the 21st century 266David Tan27 Do trademarks assist global fabless manufacturing? 277Stephen Petrie, Trevor Kollmann, Russell Thomson,Alexandru Codoreanu and Elizabeth WebsterPART VII INFORMATION/DATA ANDCONFIDENTIALITY/PUBLICITY28 Information law pioneer 290Sharon K. Sandeen29 The right of publicity as civic communication 301Megan Richardson30 Governing valuable confidential data in the EU:Transparency as fairness 310Nari Lee31 FAIR, FRAND and open – the institutionalization ofresearch data sharing under the EU data strategy 320Mireille van Eechoud32 A shifting paradigm of regulatory data transparency inEurope: How to reconcile the irreconcilable 331Żaneta Zemła-PacudPART VIII NON-DISCRIMINATION ISSUES33 Remuneration rights and national treatment 342Bernt Hugenholtz34 The limits of national treatment 354Annette Kur35 Discriminatory non-discrimination 364Susy Frankel36 Non-discrimination as to the field of commerce as a normof international trade mark law 374Lionel BentlyPART IX MAKING INTERNATIONAL IP ANDINVESTMENT LAW37 Proceduralism is not fetishism: International intellectualproperty lawmaking and global administrative law 386Orit Fischman Afori38 Early findings on the economic impacts of intellectualproperty-related trade agreements 397Keith E. Maskus and William Ridley39 The changing chemistry between intellectual property andinvestment law 406Peter K. Yu40 Investment treaties and public health: Time to rethink thestrategy? 417Dhanay Cadillo Chandler41 Excluding intellectual property from bilateral trade andinvestment agreements: A lesson from the global health crisis 427Christophe GeigerPART X INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICAL DRIVERS42 Justifying the public law of patents 439Kali Murray43 WIPO alert – a reason to be alerted? 450Alexander Peukert44 A scholarly look at international IP – idealistic and pragmatic 462Justin Hughes and Ruth L. Okediji45 IP in an era of new mercantilism 475Daniel Benoliel46 Toward pluralism in U.S. intellectual property 486Michael J. Burstein47 Does IP improve the world? 494Henning Grosse Ruse-KhanIndex

‘My advice to beginners in patent and innovation law scholarship, whether students or junior faculty, has always been the same: start by reading Rochelle Dreyfuss’s work on the subject. Improving Intellectual Property is a wide-ranging collection of insightful writing inspired by Rochelle’s work that vindicates the soundness of that advice. It also inspires a second piece of advice: Next, read this volume!’

Edited by Susy Frankel, Counsellor, Intellectual Property, Government Procurement and Competition Division, World Trade Organization and Professor of Law, Chair in Intellectual Property and International Trade, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, Margaret Chon, Donald and Lynda Horowitz Endowed Chair for the Pursuit of Justice, Seattle University School of Law, Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Global Professor of Intellectual Property Law and Distinguished University Professor, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, Barbara Lauriat, School of Law, Texas Tech University, US and Jens Schovsbo, Professor of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

• Contents:Preface xivRochelle Dreyfuss: Teacher, Builder, Scholar, Friend xvHarry FirstAcknowledgements xixList of common citations xxList of common abbreviations xxi1 Introduction 1Graeme Dinwoodie and Susy FrankelPART I ADDRESSING BOUNDARIES AND IMBALANCE2 Prioritizing intellectual property’s freedom to operate 7Margaret Chon3 Are negative spaces likely to be fragile? 18Christopher Jon Sprigman4 The Marrakesh Treaty: Using the tools of intellectualproperty law to advance human rights 28Laurence R. HelferPART II PUBLIC HEALTH, PANDEMICS AND CRISES5 Winning and losing pairings in access to medicines:A practical guide 39Peter F. Drahos6 COVID crisis underscores IP imbalance 50Cynthia M. Ho7 Using compulsory licences as a governance tool: The needfor greater effectiveness and policy coherence 61Duncan Matthews, Esther van Zimmeren and Timo Minssen8 Food security, food crisis and boundaries to intellectual property 75Geertrui Van OverwallePART III PATENT CHALLENGES9 The case for a liability rule to stimulate investment insub-patentable innovation 88Jerome H. Reichman and Ana Santos Rutschman10 How do we protect biomedical research in the evolvingintellectual property environment? 95Dianne Nicol and Jane Nielsen11 The validity of patent royalties after patent expiration:Brulotte/Kimble from the viewpoint of Japanese privateinternational law 106Toshiyuki Kono12 ‘Tool Time’: The continuing relevance of compulsorylicensing as a patent policy tool 116Margo A. Bagley13 US patent reform 2.0: Simplifying first-inventor-to-file novelty 126Toshiko TakenakaPART IV DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND COURTSPECIALIZATION14 The Federal Circuit’s reach as a specialized court beyondpatent law 138Jeanne C. Fromer15 Specialization everywhere: Increasing adjudicatorspecialization in the patent litigation ecosystem 149Sarah R. Wasserman Rajec and Melissa F. Wasserman16 The Unified Patent Court: A new patent troll haven 159Thomas Riis17 Transnational judicial competition in intellectual property law 170Marketa Trimble18 Navigating public, private, national, and global:International commercial arbitration of patent disputes 180Barbara LauriatPART V AUTHORS AND INVENTORS19 Authors’ copyright (?) 191Jane C. Ginsburg20 Authors’ moral rights in the Berne Convention 204Gustavo Ghidini and Laura Moscati21 AI machines as inventors: The role of human agency in patent law 214Brad Sherman22 Artificial inventors 224Daniel GervaisPART VI EXPRESSIVE GENERICITY AND FREEDOMS23 Patent exhaustion as a canon of expressive freedom 235Dan L. Burk24 Expressive genericity revisited: What EU policymakerscan learn from Rochelle Dreyfuss 246Martin Senftleben25 The sensibility of ‘expressive genericity’ and the rise (andpotential fall) of Rogers v. Grimaldi in American trademark law 258Barton Beebe26 Trademarks as language in the 21st century 266David Tan27 Do trademarks assist global fabless manufacturing? 277Stephen Petrie, Trevor Kollmann, Russell Thomson,Alexandru Codoreanu and Elizabeth WebsterPART VII INFORMATION/DATA ANDCONFIDENTIALITY/PUBLICITY28 Information law pioneer 290Sharon K. Sandeen29 The right of publicity as civic communication 301Megan Richardson30 Governing valuable confidential data in the EU:Transparency as fairness 310Nari Lee31 FAIR, FRAND and open – the institutionalization ofresearch data sharing under the EU data strategy 320Mireille van Eechoud32 A shifting paradigm of regulatory data transparency inEurope: How to reconcile the irreconcilable 331Żaneta Zemła-PacudPART VIII NON-DISCRIMINATION ISSUES33 Remuneration rights and national treatment 342Bernt Hugenholtz34 The limits of national treatment 354Annette Kur35 Discriminatory non-discrimination 364Susy Frankel36 Non-discrimination as to the field of commerce as a normof international trade mark law 374Lionel BentlyPART IX MAKING INTERNATIONAL IP ANDINVESTMENT LAW37 Proceduralism is not fetishism: International intellectualproperty lawmaking and global administrative law 386Orit Fischman Afori38 Early findings on the economic impacts of intellectualproperty-related trade agreements 397Keith E. Maskus and William Ridley39 The changing chemistry between intellectual property andinvestment law 406Peter K. Yu40 Investment treaties and public health: Time to rethink thestrategy? 417Dhanay Cadillo Chandler41 Excluding intellectual property from bilateral trade andinvestment agreements: A lesson from the global health crisis 427Christophe GeigerPART X INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICAL DRIVERS42 Justifying the public law of patents 439Kali Murray43 WIPO alert – a reason to be alerted? 450Alexander Peukert44 A scholarly look at international IP – idealistic and pragmatic 462Justin Hughes and Ruth L. Okediji45 IP in an era of new mercantilism 475Daniel Benoliel46 Toward pluralism in U.S. intellectual property 486Michael J. Burstein47 Does IP improve the world? 494Henning Grosse Ruse-KhanIndex

‘My advice to beginners in patent and innovation law scholarship, whether students or junior faculty, has always been the same: start by reading Rochelle Dreyfuss’s work on the subject. Improving Intellectual Property is a wide-ranging collection of insightful writing inspired by Rochelle’s work that vindicates the soundness of that advice. It also inspires a second piece of advice: Next, read this volume!’