Impossible Subjects

Mae M. Ngai is professor of history and Lung Family Professor of Asian American Studies at Columbia University. Her books include The Lucky Ones: One Family and the Extraordinary Invention of Chinese America.

• List of Figures and Illustrations xi List of Tables xiii Acknowledgments xv Note on Language and Terminology xix Foreword to the New Paperback Edition xxi Introduction: Illegal Aliens: A Problem of Law and History 1 PART I: THE REGIME OF QUOTAS AND PAPERS 15 1The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 and the Reconstruction of Race in Immigration Law 21 2Deportation Policy and the Making and Unmaking of Illegal Aliens 56 PART II: MIGRANTS AT THE MARGINS OF LAW AND NATION 91 3From Colonial Subject to Undesirable Alien: Filipino Migration in the Invisible Empire 96 4Braceros, "Wetbacks," and the National Boundaries of Class 127 PART III: WAR, NATIONALISM, AND ALIEN CITIZENSHIP 167 5The World War II Internment of Japanese Americans and the Citizenship Renunciation Cases 175 6The Cold War Chinese Immigration Crisis and the Confession Cases 202 PART IV: PLURALISM AND NATIONALISM IN POST-WORLD WAR II IMMIGRATION REFORM 225 7The Liberal Critique and Reform of Immigration Policy 227 Epilogue 265 Appendix 271 Notes 275 Archival and Other Primary Sources 357 Index 369

Winner of the 2005 Lora Romero First Book Publication Prize, American Studies Association Winner of the 2005 Frederick Jackson Turner Award, Organization of American Historians Honorable Mention for the 2005 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award, Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights Co-Winner of the 2004 History Book Award, Association for Asian American Studies Co-Winner of the 2004 First Book Prize, Berkshire Conference of Women Historians Winner of the 2004 Littleton-Griswold Prize, American Historical Association One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2004 Winner of the 2004 Theodore Saloutos Book Award, Immigration and Ethnic History Society "[A] deeply stimulating work... Ngai's undeniable premise--as pertinent today as ever--is that the lawfully regulated part of our immigration system is only the tip of the iceberg. Even as we have allowed legal immigrants, mostly from Europe, through the front door, we have always permitted others, generally people of color, to slip in the back gate to do essential jobs."--Tamar Jacoby, Los Angeles Times Book Review "'Legal' and 'illegal,' as Ngai's book illustrates, are administrative constructions, always subject to change; they do not tell us anything about the desirability of the persons so constructed."--Louis Menand, New Yorker "Ngai pulls no punches, arguing that in most cases ... illegal [immigrants] were stigmatized by negative racial stereotypes and branded as dangerous... [I]t belongs in every library and should be referenced in every ethnic studies course."--Choice "May Impossible Subjects indeed lead to bold changes? Ngai creates that possibility, through altering our vision of immigration history, in showing us the constructed and contingent nature of its legal regulation. Impossible Subjects is essential reading."--Leti Volpp, Michigan Law Review "Ngai's book is a stunning piece of scholarship... [F]or background reading of 'illegal immigration' that takes a broader view, this is an outstanding book."--David M. Reimers, International History Review "Ngai has produced a valuable reinterpretation of twentieth-century American immigration history, one that will push other scholars of race, immigration, and policy in new directions as well."--Charlotte Brooks, Journal of American History "Impossible Subjects offers an important contribution to U.S. histories of race, citizenship, and immigration. This stunning history of U.S. immigration policy dispels the liberal rhetoric that underlies popular notions of immigrant America, as it establishes the designation of Asians and Mexicans as perpetual racial others. Everyone in the field of race and immigration should read this thought provoking book."--Rhacel Salazar Parrenas, American Journal of Sociology "This superb book by historian Mae Ngai addresses the emergence of the legal and social category of 'illegal immigrant' in the United States... Ngai addresses the subject ... in a variety of historical contexts and each casts a different light on their deeply ambiguous condition."--Linda Bosniak, Journal of International Migration and Integration "Moving beyond the telos of immigrant settlement, assimilation, and citizenship and the myth of 'immigrant America,' Mae Ngai's Impossible Subjects conceptualizes immigration not as a site for assessing the acceptability of the immigrants, but as a site for understanding the racialized economic, cultural, and political foundations of the United States."--Yen Le Espiritu, Western Historical Quarterly "Mae Ngai's book ... offers a fascinating reinterpretation and critique of the United States as a mythicized 'nation of immigrants.' Ngai demonstrates the critical role that colonialism, foreign policy considerations and racial politics played in shaping U.S. immigration and national identity... Ngai's book is an extraordinary contribution to U.S. immigration history and a stimulating read."--Dr. Alison Pennington, Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law