Americans at the Gate

Carl J. Bon Tempo is assistant professor of history at the State University of New York at Albany.

• List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi INTRODUCTION: Americans at the Gate 1 CHAPTER 1: "The Age of the Uprooted Man": The United States and Refugees, 1900-1952 11 CHAPTER 2: "A Mystic Maze of Enforcement": The Refugee Relief Program 34 CHAPTER 3: "From Hungary, New Americans": The United States and Hungarian Refugees 60 CHAPTER 4: "Half a Loaf": The Failure of Refugee Policy and Law Reform, 1957-1965 86 CHAPTER 5: "They Are Proud People": The United States and Refugees from Cuba, 1959-1966 106 CHAPTER 6: "The Soul of Our Sense of Nationhood": Human Rights and Refugees in the 1970s 133 CHAPTER 7: Reform and Retrenchment: The Refugee Act of 1980 and the Reagan Administration's Refugee Policies 167 EPILOGUE: The United States and Refugees after the Cold War 197 Notes 207 Index 257

"The author is adept at unraveling the complex underpinnings and evolution of this postwar 'American identity,' utilizing an impressive range of archival and published sources... For those specializing in post-WW II US history, this is an essential contribution."--K.A. Tyvela, Choice "Carl J. Bon Tempo has done a solid overall job of examining the acceptance of refugees into the US during the Cold War. His book is concise and historically accurate... It deserves consideration by scholars of human rights, migration, and foreign policy. It provides a good base for dispersing information and facts to students as well and should be useful in undergraduate courses for this purpose."--Samuel S. Stanton, Jr., Law and Politics Book Review "In the post-war period, the United States admitted millions of refugees. In this ambitious book, Carl J. Bon Tempo set out to explain how and why this new American approach to refugee affairs developed and evolved between the early 1950s and the late 1980s. In doing so, the author decided to go beyond foreign policy imperatives to confront a multiplicity of factors, weighing the evolution of their relative significance. Set in the Cold War context, the impact of anticommunism at home and abroad constitutes the main element of this study. Indeed, the propaganda value of accepting refugees fleeing communism remained central to US policy and manifest in the persistence of the 'refugee equals European anticommunist' equation. Bon Tempo's study of how this equation evolved and receded--without totally disappearing over the period--is a major contribution of this book."--Cold War History "Carl Bon Tempo's new book offers a new perspective... By placing the overlapping and intertwined problems and dichotomies of the Cold War, human rights and, to a lesser extent, the Civil Rights movement as part of American refugee policies, this book deserves to be read."--Mario Menendez, Revue Francaise d'Etudes Americaines "This book is a superb introduction to the history of U.S. refugee politics and policy and an important contribution to American civic education."--Karen Jacobsen, Journal of American Ethnic History