Erica Guevara is Associate Professor of Communication Studies, and Researcher at the Center for the Study of Media, Technologies and Internationalization (CEMTI), at Paris 8 University Vincennes‑Saint‑Denis, France. Her main research interests are media and politics in Latin America, with a substantive focus not only on electoral campaigns but also on the relationships between the media and the state.Anaïs Theviot is Associate Professor, member of the ARENES Laboratory, and Head of the master’s degree in Public and Political Communication at the Université catholique de l’Ouest, France. She is interested in online partisan activism, electoral campaigns, and the effects of digital technologies on political engagement.

• 1. Introduction PART 1: POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN AN HYBRID MEDIA CONTEXT 2. Introduction to Part 1: Political and electoral system in an hybrid media context 3. Gender and Online Campaign Styles in Multimember Districts: The Use of Twitter in the 2022 Congressional Election in Colombia. 4. Digital Communication and Social Media Strategies of Political Actors in Romania 5. Social media communicative power in Ghana’s 2016 and 2020 elections 6. Digital Political Campaigns in Social Media: The First Round of Peru's 2021 General Elections PART 2: EVOLUTION OF PARTISAN DYNAMICS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS 7. Introduction to Part 2: Evolution of partisan dynamics on social networks 8. Is activism on social media headed for a renewal? A comparative analysis of the profile of cyber-activists and their practices in the United States and in France during the 2020 and 2022 presidential campaigns. 9. Social media communication of the foremost Italian political leaders in the Legislature XVIII (2018-2022). Three key moments and their internet approach 10. India’s Multi-Platform Election Campaigns for Voter Mobilisation 11. Strategy and digital narrative in social networks of Morena's gubernatorial candidates in the electoral process in Mexico 2022 PART 3: PERSONALIZATION AND POPULISM 12. Introduction to Part 3: Personalization and populism. 13. Populism, gender, and social media in electoral campaigns in Central America 14. Populist political communication on Facebook during the EP election campaign and post-electoral period 2019. The Polish case. 15. Social media, electoral politics, and political personalization in Indonesia. 16. Digital Populism, propaganda and the construction of electoral legitimacy in the 2022 Presidential elections in Kenya. PART 4: POLARIZATION, ECHO CHAMBERS, MISINFORMATION AND CONSPIRACY STRATEGIES AND DISCOURSES 17. Introduction to Part 4: Polarization, echo chambers, misinformation and conspiracy strategies and discourses. 18. Internet Memes in the Conspiracy Feedback Loop of Bolsonarism. 19. Social media use, opinion polarization, social movement participation, and voting: The case of Hong Kong. 20. The dynamics of political echo chambers in the multi-party political system. 21. The political use and depolarizing role of Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp in Ecuador's 2021 national elections. 22. Disinformation, hate speech, and fake news. How much negativity did the parties spread on social media during the 2021 election campaign? 23. Conclusions

Erica Guevara is Associate Professor of Communication Studies, and Researcher at the Center for the Study of Media, Technologies and Internationalization (CEMTI), at Paris 8 University Vincennes‑Saint‑Denis, France. Her main research interests are media and politics in Latin America, with a substantive focus not only on electoral campaigns but also on the relationships between the media and the state.Anaïs Theviot is Associate Professor, member of the ARENES Laboratory, and Head of the master’s degree in Public and Political Communication at the Université catholique de l’Ouest, France. She is interested in online partisan activism, electoral campaigns, and the effects of digital technologies on political engagement.

• 1. Introduction PART 1: POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN AN HYBRID MEDIA CONTEXT 2. Introduction to Part 1: Political and electoral system in an hybrid media context 3. Gender and Online Campaign Styles in Multimember Districts: The Use of Twitter in the 2022 Congressional Election in Colombia. 4. Digital Communication and Social Media Strategies of Political Actors in Romania 5. Social media communicative power in Ghana’s 2016 and 2020 elections 6. Digital Political Campaigns in Social Media: The First Round of Peru's 2021 General Elections PART 2: EVOLUTION OF PARTISAN DYNAMICS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS 7. Introduction to Part 2: Evolution of partisan dynamics on social networks 8. Is activism on social media headed for a renewal? A comparative analysis of the profile of cyber-activists and their practices in the United States and in France during the 2020 and 2022 presidential campaigns. 9. Social media communication of the foremost Italian political leaders in the Legislature XVIII (2018-2022). Three key moments and their internet approach 10. India’s Multi-Platform Election Campaigns for Voter Mobilisation 11. Strategy and digital narrative in social networks of Morena's gubernatorial candidates in the electoral process in Mexico 2022 PART 3: PERSONALIZATION AND POPULISM 12. Introduction to Part 3: Personalization and populism. 13. Populism, gender, and social media in electoral campaigns in Central America 14. Populist political communication on Facebook during the EP election campaign and post-electoral period 2019. The Polish case. 15. Social media, electoral politics, and political personalization in Indonesia. 16. Digital Populism, propaganda and the construction of electoral legitimacy in the 2022 Presidential elections in Kenya. PART 4: POLARIZATION, ECHO CHAMBERS, MISINFORMATION AND CONSPIRACY STRATEGIES AND DISCOURSES 17. Introduction to Part 4: Polarization, echo chambers, misinformation and conspiracy strategies and discourses. 18. Internet Memes in the Conspiracy Feedback Loop of Bolsonarism. 19. Social media use, opinion polarization, social movement participation, and voting: The case of Hong Kong. 20. The dynamics of political echo chambers in the multi-party political system. 21. The political use and depolarizing role of Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp in Ecuador's 2021 national elections. 22. Disinformation, hate speech, and fake news. How much negativity did the parties spread on social media during the 2021 election campaign? 23. Conclusions

Erica Guevara is Associate Professor of Communication Studies, and Researcher at the Center for the Study of Media, Technologies and Internationalization (CEMTI), at Paris 8 University Vincennes‑Saint‑Denis, France. Her main research interests are media and politics in Latin America, with a substantive focus not only on electoral campaigns but also on the relationships between the media and the state.Anaïs Theviot is Associate Professor, member of the ARENES Laboratory, and Head of the master’s degree in Public and Political Communication at the Université catholique de l’Ouest, France. She is interested in online partisan activism, electoral campaigns, and the effects of digital technologies on political engagement.

• 1. Introduction PART 1: POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN AN HYBRID MEDIA CONTEXT 2. Introduction to Part 1: Political and electoral system in an hybrid media context 3. Gender and Online Campaign Styles in Multimember Districts: The Use of Twitter in the 2022 Congressional Election in Colombia. 4. Digital Communication and Social Media Strategies of Political Actors in Romania 5. Social media communicative power in Ghana’s 2016 and 2020 elections 6. Digital Political Campaigns in Social Media: The First Round of Peru's 2021 General Elections PART 2: EVOLUTION OF PARTISAN DYNAMICS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS 7. Introduction to Part 2: Evolution of partisan dynamics on social networks 8. Is activism on social media headed for a renewal? A comparative analysis of the profile of cyber-activists and their practices in the United States and in France during the 2020 and 2022 presidential campaigns. 9. Social media communication of the foremost Italian political leaders in the Legislature XVIII (2018-2022). Three key moments and their internet approach 10. India’s Multi-Platform Election Campaigns for Voter Mobilisation 11. Strategy and digital narrative in social networks of Morena's gubernatorial candidates in the electoral process in Mexico 2022 PART 3: PERSONALIZATION AND POPULISM 12. Introduction to Part 3: Personalization and populism. 13. Populism, gender, and social media in electoral campaigns in Central America 14. Populist political communication on Facebook during the EP election campaign and post-electoral period 2019. The Polish case. 15. Social media, electoral politics, and political personalization in Indonesia. 16. Digital Populism, propaganda and the construction of electoral legitimacy in the 2022 Presidential elections in Kenya. PART 4: POLARIZATION, ECHO CHAMBERS, MISINFORMATION AND CONSPIRACY STRATEGIES AND DISCOURSES 17. Introduction to Part 4: Polarization, echo chambers, misinformation and conspiracy strategies and discourses. 18. Internet Memes in the Conspiracy Feedback Loop of Bolsonarism. 19. Social media use, opinion polarization, social movement participation, and voting: The case of Hong Kong. 20. The dynamics of political echo chambers in the multi-party political system. 21. The political use and depolarizing role of Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp in Ecuador's 2021 national elections. 22. Disinformation, hate speech, and fake news. How much negativity did the parties spread on social media during the 2021 election campaign? 23. Conclusions