The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.Professor Roy Harrison OBE is listed by ISI Thomson Scientific (on ISI Web of Knowledge) as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Environmental Science/Ecology category. He has an h-index of 54 (i.e. 54 of his papers have received 54 or more citations in the literature). In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science in the New Year Honours List. He was profiled by the Journal of Environmental Monitoring (Vol 5, pp 39N-41N, 2003). Professor Harrison’s research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.Now an emeritus professor, Professor Ron Hester's current activities in chemistry are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor. He also retains appointments as external examiner and assessor / adviser on courses, individual promotions, and departmental / subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.

• Part One: General Overview of the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals;1: Introduction;2: Legislation and regulatory requirements;3: The regulatory paradigm;4: The interface between toxicology and risk assessment;5: Interpreting toxicology;6: Conclusions;7: References;Part Two: International Validation and Barriers to the Validation of Alternative Tests;1: Introduction;2: Background to the Validation Process;3: The Validation Process;4: Problems Being Encountered in Implementing the Validation Process;5: The Need for an Invalidation Process;6: Concluding Remarks;7: References;Part Three: In Vitro Testing for Endocrine Disruptors;1: Introduction;2: In Silico Approaches;3: In Vitro Tests for EDs;4: Discussion;5: Conclusions;6: Acknowledgement;7: References;Part Four: Intelligent Approaches to Safety Evaluation;1: Introduction;2: Hazardous properties assessment;3: Risk Assessment;4: Existing Studies and Literature Data;5: Surrogate Data: Calculation, Read Across and SAR/QSAR;6: Alternatives to Animal Toxicology Studies;7: Data Waivers;8: Expert reports and weight of evidence;9: Preliminary risk assessments;10: EU Registration, Evaluation and Registration scheme (REACH);11: Data for REACH;12: Regulatory planning & liaison with the regulators;13: Common themes;14: Acknowledgements;15: References;Part Five: Alternative Tests and the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive;1: Introduction;2: Overview of current approaches to risk assessment for cosmetics;3: 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive (76/768/EEC);4: Status of alternative tests;5: Endpoints where risk assessment for cosmetics can be achieved without using animal data;6: Endpoints where risk assessment for cosmetics cannot currently be achieved without using animal data;7: New approaches to risk assessment without animals;8: Acknowledgements;9: References;

A state-of-the-art description of the evaluation of the safety of chemicals, difficulties with internationally accepted validation, barriers to the acceptance of nonanimal tests, and possible future directions.Important reading for all involved with pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.Professor Roy Harrison OBE is listed by ISI Thomson Scientific (on ISI Web of Knowledge) as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Environmental Science/Ecology category. He has an h-index of 54 (i.e. 54 of his papers have received 54 or more citations in the literature). In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science in the New Year Honours List. He was profiled by the Journal of Environmental Monitoring (Vol 5, pp 39N-41N, 2003). Professor Harrison’s research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.Now an emeritus professor, Professor Ron Hester's current activities in chemistry are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor. He also retains appointments as external examiner and assessor / adviser on courses, individual promotions, and departmental / subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.

• Part One: General Overview of the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals;1: Introduction;2: Legislation and regulatory requirements;3: The regulatory paradigm;4: The interface between toxicology and risk assessment;5: Interpreting toxicology;6: Conclusions;7: References;Part Two: International Validation and Barriers to the Validation of Alternative Tests;1: Introduction;2: Background to the Validation Process;3: The Validation Process;4: Problems Being Encountered in Implementing the Validation Process;5: The Need for an Invalidation Process;6: Concluding Remarks;7: References;Part Three: In Vitro Testing for Endocrine Disruptors;1: Introduction;2: In Silico Approaches;3: In Vitro Tests for EDs;4: Discussion;5: Conclusions;6: Acknowledgement;7: References;Part Four: Intelligent Approaches to Safety Evaluation;1: Introduction;2: Hazardous properties assessment;3: Risk Assessment;4: Existing Studies and Literature Data;5: Surrogate Data: Calculation, Read Across and SAR/QSAR;6: Alternatives to Animal Toxicology Studies;7: Data Waivers;8: Expert reports and weight of evidence;9: Preliminary risk assessments;10: EU Registration, Evaluation and Registration scheme (REACH);11: Data for REACH;12: Regulatory planning & liaison with the regulators;13: Common themes;14: Acknowledgements;15: References;Part Five: Alternative Tests and the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive;1: Introduction;2: Overview of current approaches to risk assessment for cosmetics;3: 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive (76/768/EEC);4: Status of alternative tests;5: Endpoints where risk assessment for cosmetics can be achieved without using animal data;6: Endpoints where risk assessment for cosmetics cannot currently be achieved without using animal data;7: New approaches to risk assessment without animals;8: Acknowledgements;9: References;

A state-of-the-art description of the evaluation of the safety of chemicals, difficulties with internationally accepted validation, barriers to the acceptance of nonanimal tests, and possible future directions.Important reading for all involved with pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.Professor Roy Harrison OBE is listed by ISI Thomson Scientific (on ISI Web of Knowledge) as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Environmental Science/Ecology category. He has an h-index of 54 (i.e. 54 of his papers have received 54 or more citations in the literature). In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science in the New Year Honours List. He was profiled by the Journal of Environmental Monitoring (Vol 5, pp 39N-41N, 2003). Professor Harrison’s research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.Now an emeritus professor, Professor Ron Hester's current activities in chemistry are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor. He also retains appointments as external examiner and assessor / adviser on courses, individual promotions, and departmental / subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.

• Part One: General Overview of the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals;1: Introduction;2: Legislation and regulatory requirements;3: The regulatory paradigm;4: The interface between toxicology and risk assessment;5: Interpreting toxicology;6: Conclusions;7: References;Part Two: International Validation and Barriers to the Validation of Alternative Tests;1: Introduction;2: Background to the Validation Process;3: The Validation Process;4: Problems Being Encountered in Implementing the Validation Process;5: The Need for an Invalidation Process;6: Concluding Remarks;7: References;Part Three: In Vitro Testing for Endocrine Disruptors;1: Introduction;2: In Silico Approaches;3: In Vitro Tests for EDs;4: Discussion;5: Conclusions;6: Acknowledgement;7: References;Part Four: Intelligent Approaches to Safety Evaluation;1: Introduction;2: Hazardous properties assessment;3: Risk Assessment;4: Existing Studies and Literature Data;5: Surrogate Data: Calculation, Read Across and SAR/QSAR;6: Alternatives to Animal Toxicology Studies;7: Data Waivers;8: Expert reports and weight of evidence;9: Preliminary risk assessments;10: EU Registration, Evaluation and Registration scheme (REACH);11: Data for REACH;12: Regulatory planning & liaison with the regulators;13: Common themes;14: Acknowledgements;15: References;Part Five: Alternative Tests and the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive;1: Introduction;2: Overview of current approaches to risk assessment for cosmetics;3: 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive (76/768/EEC);4: Status of alternative tests;5: Endpoints where risk assessment for cosmetics can be achieved without using animal data;6: Endpoints where risk assessment for cosmetics cannot currently be achieved without using animal data;7: New approaches to risk assessment without animals;8: Acknowledgements;9: References;

A state-of-the-art description of the evaluation of the safety of chemicals, difficulties with internationally accepted validation, barriers to the acceptance of nonanimal tests, and possible future directions.Important reading for all involved with pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.