Nathanael Andrade is Associate Professor in History at Binghamton University. He received his PhD in Greek and Roman history from the University of Michigan and has published extensively on the Roman and later Roman Near East along with other topics. He is the author of Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge University Press, 2013) and The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture (Cambridge University Press, at press). He is now an associate professor in the Department of History at Binghamton University.

• Chapter 1: Zenobia's Likenesses Chapter 2: Urban Landscape Chapter 3: Social Landscape Chapter 4: Social World Chapter 5: Coming of Age Chapter 6: Marital Household Chapter 7: Widowhood Chapter 8: Dynasty Chapter 9: Civil War Chapter 10: Legacy and Likenesses

Of far greater consequence, especially for the educated public, are the appendices and bibliography: the destruction of monuments, the nature of Palmyrene Aramaic, original language version of inscriptions detailing Zenobia's household (Aramaic in transliteration). These and the bibliography illustrate the multinational and lengthy careers [of] those building upon intelligent assumptions in the recreation of an ancient site.

Nathanael Andrade is Associate Professor in History at Binghamton University. He received his PhD in Greek and Roman history from the University of Michigan and has published extensively on the Roman and later Roman Near East along with other topics. He is the author of Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge University Press, 2013) and The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture (Cambridge University Press, at press). He is now an associate professor in the Department of History at Binghamton University.

• Chapter 1: Zenobia's Likenesses Chapter 2: Urban Landscape Chapter 3: Social Landscape Chapter 4: Social World Chapter 5: Coming of Age Chapter 6: Marital Household Chapter 7: Widowhood Chapter 8: Dynasty Chapter 9: Civil War Chapter 10: Legacy and Likenesses

Of far greater consequence, especially for the educated public, are the appendices and bibliography: the destruction of monuments, the nature of Palmyrene Aramaic, original language version of inscriptions detailing Zenobia's household (Aramaic in transliteration). These and the bibliography illustrate the multinational and lengthy careers [of] those building upon intelligent assumptions in the recreation of an ancient site.

Nathanael Andrade is Associate Professor in History at Binghamton University. He received his PhD in Greek and Roman history from the University of Michigan and has published extensively on the Roman and later Roman Near East along with other topics. He is the author of Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge University Press, 2013) and The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture (Cambridge University Press, at press). He is now an associate professor in the Department of History at Binghamton University.

• Chapter 1: Zenobia's Likenesses Chapter 2: Urban Landscape Chapter 3: Social Landscape Chapter 4: Social World Chapter 5: Coming of Age Chapter 6: Marital Household Chapter 7: Widowhood Chapter 8: Dynasty Chapter 9: Civil War Chapter 10: Legacy and Likenesses

Of far greater consequence, especially for the educated public, are the appendices and bibliography: the destruction of monuments, the nature of Palmyrene Aramaic, original language version of inscriptions detailing Zenobia's household (Aramaic in transliteration). These and the bibliography illustrate the multinational and lengthy careers [of] those building upon intelligent assumptions in the recreation of an ancient site.