Hailing from the Syrian city of Palmyra, a woman named Zenobia (also Bathzabbai) governed territory in the eastern Roman empire from 268 to 272. She thus became the most famous Palmyrene who ever lived. But sources for her life and career are scarce. This book situates Zenobia in the social, economic, cultural, and material context of her Palmyra. By doing so, it aims to shed greater light on the experiences of Zenobia and Palmyrene women like her at various stages of their lives. Not limiting itself to the political aspects of her governance, it contemplates what inscriptions and material culture at Palmyra enable us to know about women and the practice of gender there, and thus the world that Zenobia navigated. It reflects on her clothes, house, hygiene, property owning, gestures, religious practices, funerary practices, education, languages, social identities, marriage, and experiences motherhood, along with her meteoric rise to prominence and civil war. It also ponders Zenobia's legacy in light of the contemporary human tragedy in Syria.
Nathanael Andrade received his PhD in Greek and Roman history from the University of Michigan and has published extensively on the Roman and later Roman Near East along with other topics. He is the author of Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge University Press, 2013) and The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture (Cambridge University Press, at press). He is now an associate professor in the Department of History at Binghamton University.
ForwardAcknowledgementsAbbreviations Chapter 1: Zenobia's Likenesses Part I: Palmyra, Zenobia's City Chapter 2: Urban Landscape Chapter 3: Social Landscape Part II: Embryonic Star Chapter 4: Social World Chapter 5: Coming of Age Part III: Rising StarChapter 6: Marital Household Chapter 7: Widowhood Part IV: Shooting StarChapter 8: Dynasty Chapter 9: Civil War Epilogue: Fallen Star Chapter 10: Legacy and Likenesses Appendix 1: Palmyrene Monuments Mentioned Appendix 2: Brief and Simple Guide to Palmyrenean Aramaic Appendix 3: Inscriptions for Odainath's Household Bibliography
Of far greater consequence, especially for the educated public, are the appendices and bibliography: the destruction of monuments, the nature of Palmyrene Aramaic, original language version of inscriptions detailing Zenobia's household (Aramaic in transliteration). These and the bibliography illustrate the multinational and lengthy careers [of] those building upon intelligent assumptions in the recreation of an ancient site.