Christina G. Villegas, PhD, is assistant professor of political science at California State University, San Bernardino.

• Preface,1 Background and History,Introduction: The Nature and Scope of Youth Unemployment,Key Moments,Socioeconomic Contexts,Race and Ethnicity,Gender,Education and Work Experience,Family Income,Location and Neighborhood,Involvement with the Juvenile Justice System,Other Factors Influencing Youth Unemployment and Disconnection,Disruptive Technologies,Inadequacy of Primary and Secondary Education,Mismatch in Skills and Expectations,Detrimental Policies,Conclusion,References,2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions,Introduction,Economic Consequences,Psychological and Physical Consequences,Social Consequences,What Should Be Done?,Expanding Access to and Participation in Higher Education,Improving Higher Education Outcomes,Increasing Transparency and AccountabilityImproving Completion Rates,Bridging the Gap between Education and Work,Expanding Access to Nontraditional Education and Career Pathways,Apprenticeships,Career and Technical Education,National Job Training and Service Programs,Reforming Policies That Discourage Youth from Pursuing Jobs and Employers from Creating Them,Conclusion,References,3 Perspectives,Introduction,My First Step into a Successful Career by Matthew Marko,Skipping Grad School to Find My Career: An AmeriCorps Story by Siobhan Gallagher Kent,Youth Civic Engagement and Unemployment: What Cause and What Effect? by Rebecca Burgess,The Impact of the ACA on Youth Unemployment by Hadley Heath Manning,Addressing the Setbacks Incarcerated Youth Encounter in the Job Hunt by Riane Castro,Arrogance or Ignorance, but Not Confidence by Cynthia Sakamoto,Institutional Motivation versus Personal Motivation by Melanie Warren,Transforming Disconnected Youth through Educational Opportunity by Vicki Alger,Just a Little More by Stephen Monteros,4 Profiles,Introduction,Government-Sponsored Organizations and Programs,Career Academies,Federal Work Study,Job Corps,National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Corps,National Service Programs,AmeriCorps,National Association of Service and Conservation Corps,Volunteers in Service to America,Youth Conservation Corps,YouthCorps,Office of Apprenticeship,Reentry Employment Opportunities Program,State and Local Youth Apprenticeship Programs,Apprenticeship Carolina,CareerWise Colorado,Tech Ready Apprentices for Careers in Kentucky Program,Wisconsin Youth Apprenticeship Program,YouthBuild,Youth Workforce Investment Activities Program,Nongovernmental Organizations and Programs,After School Matters,American Enterprise Institute,AT&T Aspire,Black Male Initiative,Brookings Institution,Center for Advancing Opportunity,Conrad N. Hilton Foundation,Cristo Rey Network,Economic Policy Institute,Employment Policies Institute,Homeboy Industries,Jim Casey Youth Opportunity Initiative,Jobs for America's Graduates,Jobs for the Future,Junior Achievement USA,InsideTrack,Manhattan Institute,MENTOR: The National Mentoring Partnership,National Academy Foundation,National Youth Employment Network,Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship,100,000 Opportunities Initiative,Opportunity America,Opportunity Nation,Prison Entrepreneurship Program,Project CRAFT,Project Lead the Way,Project Quest,This Way Ahead,Urban Alliance,Urban Institute,U.S. FIRST,William E. Simon Foundation,Work Colleges,YearUp,Young Invincibles,References,Websites,5 Data and Documents,Introduction,Data,Figure 5.1. Youth Unemployment Rate (2000–2016),Figure 5.2. Historical Youth Labor Force Participation Rates (1948–2017),Figure 5.3. Demographics of Labor Force Participation Rates (2017),Figure 5.4. Where Teens Work (2015),Figure 5.5. Level of Education and Earnings/Employment (2015),Documents,Fair Labor Standards Act (1938),John F. Kennedy's Message on the Nation's Youth (1963),Ronald Reagan's Message on Proposed Employment Legislation (1983),Ensuring Economic Opportunities for Young Americans (2009),Barack Obama's Message on a New College Scorecard (2015),Student Safety in the Job Corps Program (2017),Teen Labor Force Participation and the Great Recession (2017),Donald Trump's Executive Order Expanding Apprenticeships (2017),6 Resources,Introduction,Books,Articles and Reports,Nonprint Sources,7 Chronology,Glossary,Index,About the Author,