Dara Walker an assistant professor of African American studies, history, and women's, gender, and sexuality studies at the Pennsylvania State University.Alexander Hyres is an assistant professor in the history of United States education at the University of Utah. He is the author of Protest and Pedagogy: Charlottesville's Black Freedom Struggle and the Making of the American High School and his writing has appeared in the Journal of African American History, Journal of the History of Child and Youth, Teachers College Record, and The Washington Post.Jon N. Hale is a professor of education and educational history at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He has published serval books, including the award-winning book, The Freedom Schools. Hale's research is featured in outlets including TIME, The Atlantic, and The Washington Post.

• Introduction DARA WALKER, ALEXANDER D. HYRES, AND JON N. HALEPart I Self-Determination, Transnationalism, and the Fight for Educational Opportunity1 "We Have to Credit the Young People": Protesting Students and the Navajo Struggle for Educational Self-Determination, 1971–1973 CARLOS L . CANTÚ2 "The Question of Puerto Rican Independence is Hot Among Youth Right Now": Transnational-Colonial High School Activism in Postwar New York City, 1948–1975LAUREN LEFTY3 Understanding the Black Student United Front and Their Push for Black Studies: The Detroit Public Schools During the Black Power Era DAVID WALTONPart II Urban Activism, School Desegregation, and the Rise of the School-to- Prison Nexus4 From "Stay-Outs" to Pushouts: Black Student Activism in Boston, 1963–1979 MATTHEW KAUTZ5 "Give Us an Opportunity to Compete": Black Student Activism and Police Repression at a Desegregating New Orleans High School WALTER STERN6 "This Is A Backlash Against the Gay Community": Race, Sexuality, Religion, and the Contours of School Reform in Salt Lake City, Utah NICOLE WILSON STEFFES, SONNY PARTOLA, MAEVE WALL, AND ALEXANDER D. HYRESPart III Civil Rights, Gender Equality, and Wartime Activism in the United States7 The "Backbone and Organizers": High School Students in the Anti-Vietnam War Movement AARON G. FOUNTAIN, JR.8 "Anything You Want to Be": Coalitions and Conflicts Between Adult and Teenage Second Wave Feminists KERA LOVELL9 "It's People Like You We Need in the White House": Anti-Civil Rights Youth, George Wallace, and 1960s Campaign Activism SUSAN ECKELMANN10 A Part, Yet Apart from MLK: Mexican Americans, Civil Rights, and the Making of a Movement in the Era of LBJ DARIUS VÍCTOR ECHEVERRÍAConclusion DARA WALKER, ALEXANDER D. HYRES, AND JON N. HALEAcknowledgmentsNotes on Contributors Index

"Youth in the Movements masterfully extends our understanding of high school student activism by expanding traditional regional, racial, and ethnic silos. It offers an unparalleled look into the diverse political aims and motivations that have long shaped our democracy." - Dionne Danns, author of Crossing Segregated Boundaries: Remembering Chicago School Desegregation

Dara Walker an assistant professor of African American studies, history, and women's, gender, and sexuality studies at the Pennsylvania State University.Alexander Hyres is an assistant professor in the history of United States education at the University of Utah. He is the author of Protest and Pedagogy: Charlottesville's Black Freedom Struggle and the Making of the American High School and his writing has appeared in the Journal of African American History, Journal of the History of Child and Youth, Teachers College Record, and The Washington Post.Jon N. Hale is a professor of education and educational history at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He has published serval books, including the award-winning book, The Freedom Schools. Hale's research is featured in outlets including TIME, The Atlantic, and The Washington Post.

• Introduction DARA WALKER, ALEXANDER D. HYRES, AND JON N. HALEPart I Self-Determination, Transnationalism, and the Fight for Educational Opportunity1 "We Have to Credit the Young People": Protesting Students and the Navajo Struggle for Educational Self-Determination, 1971–1973 CARLOS L . CANTÚ2 "The Question of Puerto Rican Independence is Hot Among Youth Right Now": Transnational-Colonial High School Activism in Postwar New York City, 1948–1975LAUREN LEFTY3 Understanding the Black Student United Front and Their Push for Black Studies: The Detroit Public Schools During the Black Power Era DAVID WALTONPart II Urban Activism, School Desegregation, and the Rise of the School-to- Prison Nexus4 From "Stay-Outs" to Pushouts: Black Student Activism in Boston, 1963–1979 MATTHEW KAUTZ5 "Give Us an Opportunity to Compete": Black Student Activism and Police Repression at a Desegregating New Orleans High School WALTER STERN6 "This Is A Backlash Against the Gay Community": Race, Sexuality, Religion, and the Contours of School Reform in Salt Lake City, Utah NICOLE WILSON STEFFES, SONNY PARTOLA, MAEVE WALL, AND ALEXANDER D. HYRESPart III Civil Rights, Gender Equality, and Wartime Activism in the United States7 The "Backbone and Organizers": High School Students in the Anti-Vietnam War Movement AARON G. FOUNTAIN, JR.8 "Anything You Want to Be": Coalitions and Conflicts Between Adult and Teenage Second Wave Feminists KERA LOVELL9 "It's People Like You We Need in the White House": Anti-Civil Rights Youth, George Wallace, and 1960s Campaign Activism SUSAN ECKELMANN10 A Part, Yet Apart from MLK: Mexican Americans, Civil Rights, and the Making of a Movement in the Era of LBJ DARIUS VÍCTOR ECHEVERRÍAConclusion DARA WALKER, ALEXANDER D. HYRES, AND JON N. HALEAcknowledgmentsNotes on Contributors Index

"Youth in the Movements masterfully extends our understanding of high school student activism by expanding traditional regional, racial, and ethnic silos. It offers an unparalleled look into the diverse political aims and motivations that have long shaped our democracy." - Dionne Danns, author of Crossing Segregated Boundaries: Remembering Chicago School Desegregation

Dara Walker an assistant professor of African American studies, history, and women's, gender, and sexuality studies at the Pennsylvania State University.Alexander Hyres is an assistant professor in the history of United States education at the University of Utah. He is the author of Protest and Pedagogy: Charlottesville's Black Freedom Struggle and the Making of the American High School and his writing has appeared in the Journal of African American History, Journal of the History of Child and Youth, Teachers College Record, and The Washington Post.Jon N. Hale is a professor of education and educational history at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He has published serval books, including the award-winning book, The Freedom Schools. Hale's research is featured in outlets including TIME, The Atlantic, and The Washington Post.

• Introduction DARA WALKER, ALEXANDER D. HYRES, AND JON N. HALEPart I Self-Determination, Transnationalism, and the Fight for Educational Opportunity1 "We Have to Credit the Young People": Protesting Students and the Navajo Struggle for Educational Self-Determination, 1971–1973 CARLOS L . CANTÚ2 "The Question of Puerto Rican Independence is Hot Among Youth Right Now": Transnational-Colonial High School Activism in Postwar New York City, 1948–1975LAUREN LEFTY3 Understanding the Black Student United Front and Their Push for Black Studies: The Detroit Public Schools During the Black Power Era DAVID WALTONPart II Urban Activism, School Desegregation, and the Rise of the School-to- Prison Nexus4 From "Stay-Outs" to Pushouts: Black Student Activism in Boston, 1963–1979 MATTHEW KAUTZ5 "Give Us an Opportunity to Compete": Black Student Activism and Police Repression at a Desegregating New Orleans High School WALTER STERN6 "This Is A Backlash Against the Gay Community": Race, Sexuality, Religion, and the Contours of School Reform in Salt Lake City, Utah NICOLE WILSON STEFFES, SONNY PARTOLA, MAEVE WALL, AND ALEXANDER D. HYRESPart III Civil Rights, Gender Equality, and Wartime Activism in the United States7 The "Backbone and Organizers": High School Students in the Anti-Vietnam War Movement AARON G. FOUNTAIN, JR.8 "Anything You Want to Be": Coalitions and Conflicts Between Adult and Teenage Second Wave Feminists KERA LOVELL9 "It's People Like You We Need in the White House": Anti-Civil Rights Youth, George Wallace, and 1960s Campaign Activism SUSAN ECKELMANN10 A Part, Yet Apart from MLK: Mexican Americans, Civil Rights, and the Making of a Movement in the Era of LBJ DARIUS VÍCTOR ECHEVERRÍAConclusion DARA WALKER, ALEXANDER D. HYRES, AND JON N. HALEAcknowledgmentsNotes on Contributors Index

"Youth in the Movements masterfully extends our understanding of high school student activism by expanding traditional regional, racial, and ethnic silos. It offers an unparalleled look into the diverse political aims and motivations that have long shaped our democracy." - Dionne Danns, author of Crossing Segregated Boundaries: Remembering Chicago School Desegregation