Visual Dysfunction in Diabetes

• Introduction.- Diabetic Retinopathy – what we know, don’t know, and need to know.- A Patient’s viewpoint.- What patients with diabetes see—and don’t see: subjective and objective visual function changes.- How do I know I have diabetic retinopathy – a clinician’s view?.- Epidemiology & Economics.- Correlation between the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in families with diabetes.- Increasing public awareness of the diabetes endemic.- Nutrition and diabetes.- Diabetic retinopathy screening – progress and complications.- Measurements of retinal blood flow, vascular leakage, and oxygenation.- Optical imaging - Confocal microscopy to detect retinal vasculature.- Structural imaging – OCT.- Functional imaging - ERG.- Clinical phenotypes (reclassification).- Vascular changes.- Neuronal changes.- Inflammatory changes.- Other Ocular Complications of Diabetes.- New insights in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy using a proteomic approach – Retina.- Vitreous proteomics.- Genomics.- Genome-wide linkage analyses to identify Loci for diabetic retinopathy.- Risk Factors.- Diabetic retinopathy correlates with increased incidence of cardiovascular events.- Pregnancy and rate of progression of diabetic retinopathy.- Molecular Mechanisms that Could Trigger Visual Dysfunction in Diabetes.- Introduction.- Inflammation in the early pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy —beauty and beast.- Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy.- Glucose induced cellular signaling in diabetic retinopathy.- The AGE/RAGE axis in early diabetic retinopathy.- Proteases and the retinal vasculature (and maybe the whole retina!).- IGFBP3 and retinal vessel growth.- PEDF, VEGF, CTGF review.- A decrease in the expression of somatostatin is an early event in diabetic retinopathy.- Connective tissue and connective tissue growth factor in diabetic retinopathy.- Molecular regulation of endothelial cell tight junctions and the blood retinal barrier.- Pericytes and diabetic retinopathy.- Leukostasis.- Adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.- Azurocidin as a Permeability Factor in the Retina.- Retinal arteriolar hemodynamic response to a combined isocapnic hyperoxia and glucose.- Provocation in early sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy.- Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in diabetic retinopathy patients.- Tyrosine nitration in the molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy.

“It succeeds in summarizing recent advancements in our knowledge in the field with a well illustrated presentation, up-to-date references, and an authorship selected from an international group of respected investigators with proven contributions to the field. … It could be recommended as a reference for anyone interested in the basic mechanisms of the disease, its ocular manifestations, and treatment options.” (Radouil Tzekov, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Vol. 253 (6), June, 2015)