Professor Trevor Letcher is an Emeritus Professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and living in the United Kingdom. He was previously Professor of Chemistry, and Head of Department, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University, and Natal, in South Africa (1969-2004). He has published over 300 papers on areas such as chemical thermodynamic and waste from landfill in peer reviewed journals, and 100 papers in popular science and education journals. Prof. Letcher has edited and/or written 32 major books, of which 22 were published by Elsevier, on topics ranging from future energy, climate change, storing energy, waste, tyre waste and recycling, wind energy, solar energy, managing global warming, plastic waste, renewable energy, and environmental disasters. He has been awarded gold medals by the South African Institute of Chemistry and the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics honoured him with a Festschrift in 2018. He is a life member of both the Royal Society of Chemistry (London) and the South African Institute of Chemistry. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, and is a Director of the Board of the International Association of Chemical Thermodynamics since 2002.

• A. INTRODUCTION1.The Role of Energy Storage in Low-Carbon Energy SystemsB. ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE TECHNIQUES GRAVITATIONAL/ MECHANICAL / THERMOMECHANICAL2. Pumped Hydro-electricity3. Novel Hydroelectric Storage Concepts4. Advance Rail Energy Storage (ARES)5. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) in Underground Formations6. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with Underground Storage7 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with Undersea Bags8. Pumped Hydro Combined with Compressed Air9. Liquid Air Energy Storage: (LAES)10. Flywheels11. Rechargeable Batteries12. The Vanadium  Redox  Flow Batteries Thermal13. Phase Changes14. Solar Ponds15. Sensible Thermal Energy Storage: Diurnal and Seasonal Chemical16. Hydrogen from Water Electrolysis17. Chemical Reactions18. Power to Gas19. Traditional Energy Storage: natural gas, oil and coal  20. Large Scale Hydrogen StorageC. INTEGRATION21. Network Integration and Smart Grids22. Off-Grid Energy StorageD. INTERNATIONAL ISSUES AND THE POLITICS OF INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY SCHEMES23. Energy Storage World-Wide24. Energy Storage in China25. Politics of Investing in Renewable Energy Systems26. Pumped Thermal Energy27. Betavoltaic Devices for Small28. Batteries (Diamond Plus C14 Graphite)29. Superconducting Magnets30. Supercapitors31. Harvesting Energy from Car Tyres (Friction)32. Concentrated Solar Energy and Co2 + H2o Catalysed to Liquid Fuel33. Tidal Storage34. Molten Salts35. New Types of Batteries36. Sustainability Issues in Storing Energy37. Energy Markets for Storing Energy around the World

Professor Trevor Letcher is an Emeritus Professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and living in the United Kingdom. He was previously Professor of Chemistry, and Head of Department, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University, and Natal, in South Africa (1969-2004). He has published over 300 papers on areas such as chemical thermodynamic and waste from landfill in peer reviewed journals, and 100 papers in popular science and education journals. Prof. Letcher has edited and/or written 32 major books, of which 22 were published by Elsevier, on topics ranging from future energy, climate change, storing energy, waste, tyre waste and recycling, wind energy, solar energy, managing global warming, plastic waste, renewable energy, and environmental disasters. He has been awarded gold medals by the South African Institute of Chemistry and the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics honoured him with a Festschrift in 2018. He is a life member of both the Royal Society of Chemistry (London) and the South African Institute of Chemistry. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, and is a Director of the Board of the International Association of Chemical Thermodynamics since 2002.

• A. INTRODUCTION1.The Role of Energy Storage in Low-Carbon Energy SystemsB. ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE TECHNIQUES GRAVITATIONAL/ MECHANICAL / THERMOMECHANICAL2. Pumped Hydro-electricity3. Novel Hydroelectric Storage Concepts4. Advance Rail Energy Storage (ARES)5. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) in Underground Formations6. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with Underground Storage7 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with Undersea Bags8. Pumped Hydro Combined with Compressed Air9. Liquid Air Energy Storage: (LAES)10. Flywheels11. Rechargeable Batteries12. The Vanadium  Redox  Flow Batteries Thermal13. Phase Changes14. Solar Ponds15. Sensible Thermal Energy Storage: Diurnal and Seasonal Chemical16. Hydrogen from Water Electrolysis17. Chemical Reactions18. Power to Gas19. Traditional Energy Storage: natural gas, oil and coal  20. Large Scale Hydrogen StorageC. INTEGRATION21. Network Integration and Smart Grids22. Off-Grid Energy StorageD. INTERNATIONAL ISSUES AND THE POLITICS OF INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY SCHEMES23. Energy Storage World-Wide24. Energy Storage in China25. Politics of Investing in Renewable Energy Systems26. Pumped Thermal Energy27. Betavoltaic Devices for Small28. Batteries (Diamond Plus C14 Graphite)29. Superconducting Magnets30. Supercapitors31. Harvesting Energy from Car Tyres (Friction)32. Concentrated Solar Energy and Co2 + H2o Catalysed to Liquid Fuel33. Tidal Storage34. Molten Salts35. New Types of Batteries36. Sustainability Issues in Storing Energy37. Energy Markets for Storing Energy around the World

Professor Trevor Letcher is an Emeritus Professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and living in the United Kingdom. He was previously Professor of Chemistry, and Head of Department, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University, and Natal, in South Africa (1969-2004). He has published over 300 papers on areas such as chemical thermodynamic and waste from landfill in peer reviewed journals, and 100 papers in popular science and education journals. Prof. Letcher has edited and/or written 32 major books, of which 22 were published by Elsevier, on topics ranging from future energy, climate change, storing energy, waste, tyre waste and recycling, wind energy, solar energy, managing global warming, plastic waste, renewable energy, and environmental disasters. He has been awarded gold medals by the South African Institute of Chemistry and the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics honoured him with a Festschrift in 2018. He is a life member of both the Royal Society of Chemistry (London) and the South African Institute of Chemistry. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, and is a Director of the Board of the International Association of Chemical Thermodynamics since 2002.

• A. INTRODUCTION1.The Role of Energy Storage in Low-Carbon Energy SystemsB. ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE TECHNIQUES GRAVITATIONAL/ MECHANICAL / THERMOMECHANICAL2. Pumped Hydro-electricity3. Novel Hydroelectric Storage Concepts4. Advance Rail Energy Storage (ARES)5. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) in Underground Formations6. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with Underground Storage7 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with Undersea Bags8. Pumped Hydro Combined with Compressed Air9. Liquid Air Energy Storage: (LAES)10. Flywheels11. Rechargeable Batteries12. The Vanadium  Redox  Flow Batteries Thermal13. Phase Changes14. Solar Ponds15. Sensible Thermal Energy Storage: Diurnal and Seasonal Chemical16. Hydrogen from Water Electrolysis17. Chemical Reactions18. Power to Gas19. Traditional Energy Storage: natural gas, oil and coal  20. Large Scale Hydrogen StorageC. INTEGRATION21. Network Integration and Smart Grids22. Off-Grid Energy StorageD. INTERNATIONAL ISSUES AND THE POLITICS OF INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY SCHEMES23. Energy Storage World-Wide24. Energy Storage in China25. Politics of Investing in Renewable Energy Systems26. Pumped Thermal Energy27. Betavoltaic Devices for Small28. Batteries (Diamond Plus C14 Graphite)29. Superconducting Magnets30. Supercapitors31. Harvesting Energy from Car Tyres (Friction)32. Concentrated Solar Energy and Co2 + H2o Catalysed to Liquid Fuel33. Tidal Storage34. Molten Salts35. New Types of Batteries36. Sustainability Issues in Storing Energy37. Energy Markets for Storing Energy around the World