Reshaping the Mosaic

Ninette Kelley is a lawyer and former official of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).Jeffrey G. Reitz is the R.F. Harney Professor Emeritus of Ethnic, Immigration, and Pluralism Studies, a professor emeritus of sociology, and an affiliated faculty member at the Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy at the University of Toronto.Michael J. Trebilcock is a university professor emeritus of law and economics at the University of Toronto.

• AcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Canadian Immigration Policy at a CrossroadsImmigration and the Canadian MosaicPublic Support Canadian ExceptionalismFault LinesIdeas, Interests, and Institutions in Policy EvolutionStructure of the BookPart 1: A Historical ReprisePre-ConfederationThe First Hundred Years: 1867–19671867–1914: Consolidating the Dominion1914–1930: Between Two Extremes1930–1950: Retrenchment1950–1966: Shifting Emphasis Policy Transformed: 1967–20011967–1975: Towards a New Immigration Act1976–1987: Greater Inclusion and Transparency1988–2001: Calls for ChangeMain Historical ShiftsPart 2: Immigration to Canada: Rapid Change and ExpansionEligibility CriteriaInadmissibility GroundsAvenues of Appeal and Review2.1 Economic Stream: Accelerated Change and GrowthContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsChanging Priorities and ProgramsSurge in Temporary Foreign WorkersExpansion of Permanent Immigration AdmissionsImpact of ChangesA Problematic Scenario: Restructure then Quickly Expand 2.2 Family Sponsorship: Raising RequirementsContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsRequirements of SponsorsBars to SponsorshipEligible Family MembersFamily: A Cornerstone of Effective IntegrationFamily RedefinedFuture Priorities2.3 Refugees: Greater Selectivity and Barriers to AsylumContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsOverseas SelectionInland Refugee DeterminationCessation of Refugee StatusFuture PrioritiesPart 3: Membership and Belonging: Precarious StatusOverview3.1. Deportation: Disproportionate Response ContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsPre-removal Detention: Length, Conditions, and OversightDeportation: Limited Review and ConsequencesProportionality: Towards a More Balanced Approach3.2. Integration: Short-Term Programs, Long-Term BarriersContextGovernment Responsibility for Immigrant IntegrationRelevant Legislative ProvisionsSettlement ServicesIntegration Policies and Programs under Other LegislationAssessing Immigrant IntegrationHolistic Strategies: A More Comprehensive Approach3.3 Citizenship: Raising the BarContextCitizenship in the Twenty-First CenturyResolving Status and Limiting Access: 2002–2009Tightening Requirements: 2010–2022Advancing Equity in Citizenship AcquisitionConclusion: Where To from Here?Key Substantive ChangesEconomic Class: Dramatic Redesign, Employer and Provincial Involvement, More Temporary WorkersFamily Class: More Restrictive Eligibility CriteriaRefugees: Greater Numbers, Changing Selection PrioritiesIntegration: Diffusion of ResponsibilityAnnual Admissions: Doubling in Ten YearsRemovalCitizenshipPolicy ProcessPublic AccountabilityEnhanced Data, Evidence, and AnalysisFederal Provincial CoordinationRole of Artificial Intelligence in Program AdministrationThe Case for IncrementalismAppendix: FiguresIndex