Ninette Kelley is a lawyer and former official of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).Jeffrey G. Reitz is the R.F. Harney Professor Emeritus of Ethnic, Immigration, and Pluralism Studies, a professor emeritus of sociology, and an affiliated faculty member at the Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy at the University of Toronto.Michael J. Trebilcock is a university professor emeritus of law and economics at the University of Toronto.

• AcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Canadian Immigration Policy at a CrossroadsImmigration and the Canadian MosaicPublic Support Canadian ExceptionalismFault LinesIdeas, Interests, and Institutions in Policy EvolutionStructure of the BookPart 1: A Historical ReprisePre-ConfederationThe First Hundred Years: 1867–19671867–1914: Consolidating the Dominion1914–1930: Between Two Extremes1930–1950: Retrenchment1950–1966: Shifting Emphasis Policy Transformed: 1967–20011967–1975: Towards a New Immigration Act1976–1987: Greater Inclusion and Transparency1988–2001: Calls for ChangeMain Historical ShiftsPart 2: Immigration to Canada: Rapid Change and ExpansionEligibility CriteriaInadmissibility GroundsAvenues of Appeal and Review2.1 Economic Stream: Accelerated Change and GrowthContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsChanging Priorities and ProgramsSurge in Temporary Foreign WorkersExpansion of Permanent Immigration AdmissionsImpact of ChangesA Problematic Scenario: Restructure then Quickly Expand 2.2 Family Sponsorship: Raising RequirementsContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsRequirements of SponsorsBars to SponsorshipEligible Family MembersFamily: A Cornerstone of Effective IntegrationFamily RedefinedFuture Priorities2.3 Refugees: Greater Selectivity and Barriers to AsylumContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsOverseas SelectionInland Refugee DeterminationCessation of Refugee StatusFuture PrioritiesPart 3: Membership and Belonging: Precarious StatusOverview3.1. Deportation: Disproportionate Response ContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsPre-removal Detention: Length, Conditions, and OversightDeportation: Limited Review and ConsequencesProportionality: Towards a More Balanced Approach3.2. Integration: Short-Term Programs, Long-Term BarriersContextGovernment Responsibility for Immigrant IntegrationRelevant Legislative ProvisionsSettlement ServicesIntegration Policies and Programs under Other LegislationAssessing Immigrant IntegrationHolistic Strategies: A More Comprehensive Approach3.3 Citizenship: Raising the BarContextCitizenship in the Twenty-First CenturyResolving Status and Limiting Access: 2002–2009Tightening Requirements: 2010–2022Advancing Equity in Citizenship AcquisitionConclusion: Where To from Here?Key Substantive ChangesEconomic Class: Dramatic Redesign, Employer and Provincial Involvement, More Temporary WorkersFamily Class: More Restrictive Eligibility CriteriaRefugees: Greater Numbers, Changing Selection PrioritiesIntegration: Diffusion of ResponsibilityAnnual Admissions: Doubling in Ten YearsRemovalCitizenshipPolicy ProcessPublic AccountabilityEnhanced Data, Evidence, and AnalysisFederal Provincial CoordinationRole of Artificial Intelligence in Program AdministrationThe Case for IncrementalismAppendix: FiguresIndex

"Reshaping the Mosaic is an indispensable guide to immigration policy in Canada. A model of analysis that combines historical depth and current updates, it charts the rapid expansion of temporary statuses, the shifting interplay between federal and provincial policies, the rise of international student migration, and quiet changes behind the curtains of government that are transforming who can become Canadian."

Ninette Kelley is a lawyer and former official of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).Jeffrey G. Reitz is the R.F. Harney Professor Emeritus of Ethnic, Immigration, and Pluralism Studies, a professor emeritus of sociology, and an affiliated faculty member at the Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy at the University of Toronto.Michael J. Trebilcock is a university professor emeritus of law and economics at the University of Toronto.

• AcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Canadian Immigration Policy at a CrossroadsImmigration and the Canadian MosaicPublic Support Canadian ExceptionalismFault LinesIdeas, Interests, and Institutions in Policy EvolutionStructure of the BookPart 1: A Historical ReprisePre-ConfederationThe First Hundred Years: 1867–19671867–1914: Consolidating the Dominion1914–1930: Between Two Extremes1930–1950: Retrenchment1950–1966: Shifting Emphasis Policy Transformed: 1967–20011967–1975: Towards a New Immigration Act1976–1987: Greater Inclusion and Transparency1988–2001: Calls for ChangeMain Historical ShiftsPart 2: Immigration to Canada: Rapid Change and ExpansionEligibility CriteriaInadmissibility GroundsAvenues of Appeal and Review2.1 Economic Stream: Accelerated Change and GrowthContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsChanging Priorities and ProgramsSurge in Temporary Foreign WorkersExpansion of Permanent Immigration AdmissionsImpact of ChangesA Problematic Scenario: Restructure then Quickly Expand 2.2 Family Sponsorship: Raising RequirementsContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsRequirements of SponsorsBars to SponsorshipEligible Family MembersFamily: A Cornerstone of Effective IntegrationFamily RedefinedFuture Priorities2.3 Refugees: Greater Selectivity and Barriers to AsylumContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsOverseas SelectionInland Refugee DeterminationCessation of Refugee StatusFuture PrioritiesPart 3: Membership and Belonging: Precarious StatusOverview3.1. Deportation: Disproportionate Response ContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsPre-removal Detention: Length, Conditions, and OversightDeportation: Limited Review and ConsequencesProportionality: Towards a More Balanced Approach3.2. Integration: Short-Term Programs, Long-Term BarriersContextGovernment Responsibility for Immigrant IntegrationRelevant Legislative ProvisionsSettlement ServicesIntegration Policies and Programs under Other LegislationAssessing Immigrant IntegrationHolistic Strategies: A More Comprehensive Approach3.3 Citizenship: Raising the BarContextCitizenship in the Twenty-First CenturyResolving Status and Limiting Access: 2002–2009Tightening Requirements: 2010–2022Advancing Equity in Citizenship AcquisitionConclusion: Where To from Here?Key Substantive ChangesEconomic Class: Dramatic Redesign, Employer and Provincial Involvement, More Temporary WorkersFamily Class: More Restrictive Eligibility CriteriaRefugees: Greater Numbers, Changing Selection PrioritiesIntegration: Diffusion of ResponsibilityAnnual Admissions: Doubling in Ten YearsRemovalCitizenshipPolicy ProcessPublic AccountabilityEnhanced Data, Evidence, and AnalysisFederal Provincial CoordinationRole of Artificial Intelligence in Program AdministrationThe Case for IncrementalismAppendix: FiguresIndex

"Reshaping the Mosaic is an indispensable guide to immigration policy in Canada. A model of analysis that combines historical depth and current updates, it charts the rapid expansion of temporary statuses, the shifting interplay between federal and provincial policies, the rise of international student migration, and quiet changes behind the curtains of government that are transforming who can become Canadian."

Ninette Kelley is a lawyer and former official of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).Jeffrey G. Reitz is the R.F. Harney Professor Emeritus of Ethnic, Immigration, and Pluralism Studies, a professor emeritus of sociology, and an affiliated faculty member at the Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy at the University of Toronto.Michael J. Trebilcock is a university professor emeritus of law and economics at the University of Toronto.

• AcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Canadian Immigration Policy at a CrossroadsImmigration and the Canadian MosaicPublic Support Canadian ExceptionalismFault LinesIdeas, Interests, and Institutions in Policy EvolutionStructure of the BookPart 1: A Historical ReprisePre-ConfederationThe First Hundred Years: 1867–19671867–1914: Consolidating the Dominion1914–1930: Between Two Extremes1930–1950: Retrenchment1950–1966: Shifting Emphasis Policy Transformed: 1967–20011967–1975: Towards a New Immigration Act1976–1987: Greater Inclusion and Transparency1988–2001: Calls for ChangeMain Historical ShiftsPart 2: Immigration to Canada: Rapid Change and ExpansionEligibility CriteriaInadmissibility GroundsAvenues of Appeal and Review2.1 Economic Stream: Accelerated Change and GrowthContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsChanging Priorities and ProgramsSurge in Temporary Foreign WorkersExpansion of Permanent Immigration AdmissionsImpact of ChangesA Problematic Scenario: Restructure then Quickly Expand 2.2 Family Sponsorship: Raising RequirementsContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsRequirements of SponsorsBars to SponsorshipEligible Family MembersFamily: A Cornerstone of Effective IntegrationFamily RedefinedFuture Priorities2.3 Refugees: Greater Selectivity and Barriers to AsylumContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsOverseas SelectionInland Refugee DeterminationCessation of Refugee StatusFuture PrioritiesPart 3: Membership and Belonging: Precarious StatusOverview3.1. Deportation: Disproportionate Response ContextRelevant Legislative ProvisionsPre-removal Detention: Length, Conditions, and OversightDeportation: Limited Review and ConsequencesProportionality: Towards a More Balanced Approach3.2. Integration: Short-Term Programs, Long-Term BarriersContextGovernment Responsibility for Immigrant IntegrationRelevant Legislative ProvisionsSettlement ServicesIntegration Policies and Programs under Other LegislationAssessing Immigrant IntegrationHolistic Strategies: A More Comprehensive Approach3.3 Citizenship: Raising the BarContextCitizenship in the Twenty-First CenturyResolving Status and Limiting Access: 2002–2009Tightening Requirements: 2010–2022Advancing Equity in Citizenship AcquisitionConclusion: Where To from Here?Key Substantive ChangesEconomic Class: Dramatic Redesign, Employer and Provincial Involvement, More Temporary WorkersFamily Class: More Restrictive Eligibility CriteriaRefugees: Greater Numbers, Changing Selection PrioritiesIntegration: Diffusion of ResponsibilityAnnual Admissions: Doubling in Ten YearsRemovalCitizenshipPolicy ProcessPublic AccountabilityEnhanced Data, Evidence, and AnalysisFederal Provincial CoordinationRole of Artificial Intelligence in Program AdministrationThe Case for IncrementalismAppendix: FiguresIndex

"Reshaping the Mosaic is an indispensable guide to immigration policy in Canada. A model of analysis that combines historical depth and current updates, it charts the rapid expansion of temporary statuses, the shifting interplay between federal and provincial policies, the rise of international student migration, and quiet changes behind the curtains of government that are transforming who can become Canadian."