Research Coproduction in Healthcare

Ian D. Graham, PhD, FCAHS, FNYAM, FRSC, is Distinguished University Professor at the Schools of Epidemiology and Public Health & Nursing at the University of Ottawa and a Senior Scientist at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Jo Rycroft-Malone, PhD, is Distinguished Professor and Executive Dean of the Faculty of Health and Medicine at Lancaster University in Lancaster, England. Anita Kothari, PhD, is Professor at the School of Health Studies at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada. Chris McCutcheon, PhD(c), is Research Programme Manager at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

• Foreword xvAbout the Chapter Authors xviiEditors xxiiiAcknowledgements xxvAbout the Companion Website xxvii    Chapter 1 Introduction 1Authors: Anita Kothari, Jo Rycroft-Malone, Chris McCutcheon, and Ian D. GrahamBackground: What Is This Book About? 1Focus of the Chapter: What Do We Mean by Research Coproduction? 4Known from the Literature: Intellectual Origins and Historical Traditions 6Scope of the Book 9References 11Chapter 2 Foundations of Research Coproduction 14Chapter 2.1. Conceptualizing and Theorizing for Research Coproduction 14Authors: Anne MacFarlane and Jonathan SalsbergIntroduction 15Meaningful Participation 17Theory and Theorizing 17Theorizing about Research Coproduction 18Enhancing Conceptual Clarity and Model Building 18Utilizing Existing Concepts for New and Deeper Understanding 19Participatory Implementation Research 21Case study: Blending Implementation Theory with Research Coproduction Practice 22Future Research 27Conclusion 28Acknowledgements 28References 29Chapter 2.2. Equity, Power, and Transformative Research Coproduction 34Authors: Katrina Plamondon, Sume Ndumbe-Eyoh, and Sana ShahramIntroduction 35Power Is the Central Research Coproduction Problem 36What Is Known from the Literature? 40Experiential Knowledge 43Coproduction to Transform Organizations (Sume) 43Coproduction to Transform Networks/Communities (Katrina) 44Coproduction for Systems Transformation: The xac/qanaǂ ʔitkiniǂ Project (Sana) 44Practice Implications 45Future Research 48Conclusion 49References 50Chapter 2.3. Effects, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction Reported inPeer-Reviewed Literature 54Authors: Katheryn M. Sibley, Femke Hoekstra, Anita Kothari, and Kelly MrklasIntroduction 55What Are Effects? What Are Facilitators and Barriers? 55Understanding Research Coproduction – an Evolving Area of Study 55Identifying Effects, Facilitators and Barriers – Our Approach 56Effects of Research Coproduction 57Effects on the Research Process 57Effects on Relationships 63Effects on Individuals 63Effects on Research Results or Outputs 64Effects on Practices or Programs 64Effects on Communities 64Effects on Policies and Systems 65Facilitators and Barriers to Research Coproduction 65Individual-Level Factors 66Relationship Factors 67Process Factors 67System-Level Factors 68Connecting Outcomes, Impacts, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction 68Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 69Limitations and Evidence Gaps 70Future Research 70Conclusion 71References 71Chapter 3 Working with Knowledge Users 74Chapter 3.1 Working with Knowledge Users 74Authors: Jo Cooke, Susan Mawson, and Susan HampshawIntroduction: Starting the Coproduction Journey 75What Is the Focus of This Chapter? 75Some Points from the Literature 75Experience from the Field 77Research Program Level: Setting Up a Programme Architecture that Can Enable Coproduction 77Structure, Flexible Resources, and Engagement Processes to Provide Context for Coproduction 79Setting Ground Rules: A Good Basis for Nurturing Productive Relationships 79Planning Priority-setting, Action, and Impact from the Start and Throughout 80Thinking of the Impact from the Beginning 80Vignette One: The Co-design of an Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Doncaster. Coproduction in Local Government 81Vignette Two: Research Coproduction with Industry: Digital Technology to Transform End of Life Care 84Implications for Practice When Beginning the Coproduction Journey 87Future Research 88Conclusion 88References 88Chapter 3.2 Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 91Authors: Claire Ludwig and Davina BannerIntroduction and Background 92Who Is a “Patient?” 93What Do We Know about Potential Benefits and Impacts of Research Coproduction with Patients? 95Barriers and Facilitators to Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 96Experiential Knowledge: Patient and Caregiver Partner Implications for Practice 98Experiential Knowledge: Researcher Implications for Practice 100Future Research 105Conclusion 108References 108Chapter 3.3 Conducting a Research Coproduction Project: A Principles-Based Approach 112Authors: Joe Langley, Sarah E. Knowles, and Vicky WardIntroduction 113Aim 1. Illustrating Why There Is No Research Coproduction ‘Method’ 114Aim 2. Five Principles of Coproduction and Resources to Enact Them 116Sharing Power 117Including All Perspectives 118Respecting and Valuing the Research Coproduction Partners 119Reciprocity 120Building Relationships 121Aim 3. Research Coproduction in the Real World: Challenges and Ways Forward 122Who to Work with 122When to Collaborate 123Institutional Power 124Expectations of Health Services Research 125Conclusion 126References 127Chapter 3.4 The View from Within: Organizational Strategies for Effective Research Partnerships 129Authors: Sarah Bowen, Ian D. Graham, and Ingrid BottingBackground/Introduction 130How Should Organizations Respond to Expectations of Research Partnership? 132Before Beginning to Plan for “Research Partnerships:” Clarifying the Concepts of “Partnership” and “Research” 132First Things First: Preparing to Become a Research Partner 134Developing Shared Understanding 134Determining Current Organizational Position 136Assessing Organizational Readiness 139Building a Strong Foundation 140From Principles to Action – Next Steps in Developing Research Partnerships 142Creating a Health System/Academic Interface 143Embedding Research Capacity within the Organization 146Planning for Implementation and Evaluation 146Future Research 147Conclusion 147References 147Chapter 3.5 Managing Academic-Health Service Partnerships 151Authors: Alison M. Hutchinson, Cheyne Chalmers, Katrina Nankervis, and Nicole (Nikki) PhillipsIntroduction 152Background 153How to Manage Partnerships During the Research Process 154Experiential Knowledge of Managing a Partnership 156How to Sustain Partnerships 159Experiential Knowledge of Sustaining a Partnership 159How to Assess the Sustainability of Partnerships 161Assessing the Sustainability of Our Partnership 162Barriers/Facilitators and Strategies to Overcome Them 163Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 165Future Research 165Conclusion 166References 166Chapter 4 Grant-Writing, Dissemination, and Evaluation 169Chapter 4.1 Writing a Research Coproduction Grant Proposal 169Authors: Ian D. Graham, Chris McCutcheon, Jo Rycroft-Malone, and Anita KothariBackground 170So What Does It Take to Write a Successful Coproduction Research Grant Proposal? 171General Advice on Writing a Grant Proposal 171Coproduction Grant Proposal Writing Advice 173Tips on Writing Coproduction Research Grant Proposals 179Preconditions that Lead to a Successful Proposal Development – the Relationship and Preparatory Work 180Proposal Elements 181Tips for Researchers on Working with Knowledge Users During and After Proposal Writing 183Tips for Knowledge Users Working with Researchers During and After Proposal Writing 185Future Research 186Conclusion 186References 187Appendix 4.1.A. CIHR advice on knowledgeuser letters of support – a quick reference 189Appendix 4.1.B. Applicant and reviewer coproduction research proposal checklist 190Chapter 4.2 Coproduced Dissemination 192Authors: Chris McCutcheon, Anita Kothari, Ian D. Graham, and Jo Rycroft-MaloneBackground 193What Is Coproduced Dissemination? 193Coproduced Dissemination: What Is Known from the Literature? 194Compatibility of Coproduction and Dissemination 195Knowledge Exchange 196Guidance on Dissemination Planning 196Judicious Knowledge Translation 197Dissemination Planning at the Grant Proposal Stage 198From Research to Dissemination 199The Steps of Coproduced Dissemination Planning 200Set Dissemination Goals 201Assess Resources 201Identify and Learn about Your Audience(s) 202Develop Key Messages 203Select Dissemination Strategies 203Determine What Expertise Is Needed 204Evaluate 204Future Research 205Conclusion 205References 205Chapter 4.3 Evaluating Coproduction Research: Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) 210Authors: Robert K.D. McLean, Ian D. Graham, and Fred CardenIntroduction 211Roadmap 212Overview of the Research Evaluation Landscape 212Research Evaluation at Large 213Challenges for Research Coproduction Evaluation 214Deliberative Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214Analytic Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214RIA Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214The Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach and the Novel Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 217Three Tenets of the Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach 218Tenet 1 – Context Matters 218Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 218Tenet 2 – Research Quality is Multi-dimensional 218Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 219Tenet 3 – Judgement of Research Quality Must Be Grounded in Empirical Evidence and Its Systematic and Transparent Appraisal 219The Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 219Contextual Factors 221Knowledge Use Environment 221Research Environment 221Capacities for Coproduction 222Quality Dimensions and Sub-Dimensions 222Scientific Rigor 223Research Legitimacy 224Positioning for Use 225Empirical Evidence and Systematic Appraisal 226How, When, and By Whom Might RQ+ 4Co-Pro Be Applied? 226Putting the Framework Into Action 226Field test 226Join Us 229References 229Chapter 5 Capacity-Building and Infrastructure 233Chapter 5.1 Researcher Coproduction Competencies and Incentives 233Authors: Christopher R. Burton and Tone Elin MekkiIntroduction 234Guiding Frameworks 234Research Competence 235Transferable Skills 235Working with Stakeholders 236Creating Impact 237European Implementation Science Education Network 238Knowledge-Related Competencies 239Skill-Related Competencies 240Attitude-Related Competencies 242Developing Research Coproduction Competencies 244Conclusion 245Future Research 246References 246Chapter 5.2 Trainees and Research Coproduction 249Authors: Christine Cassidy, Emily Ramage, Sandy Steinwender, and Shauna BestIntroduction 250Trainees and Research Coproduction: What Is Known from the Literature? 251Types of Knowledge Users and Research Context 251Research Coproduction Approach 251Barriers and Challenges 252Facilitators 252Impact/Outcome of Partnerships 252Implications and Recommendations from the Literature 253Trainee Research Coproduction Experience 253Rewards and Benefits 254Experiential Learning Opportunity 254Relevant and Useful Research Findings 254Advance Research Partnerships 255Expectations vs. Reality 255Partnership Structure and Function 255Engagement 256Unpredictability 257Barriers and Facilitators 257Team Structure and Decision-Making 257Time and Resources 258Meeting Knowledge User Needs 259Considerations for the Development of Research Coproduction Skills 259Learning 260Doing 261Becoming 261Training Programs 262Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 262Future Research 266Training Preparation for Research Coproduction 266Build the Empirical Knowledge Base on Research Coproduction 266Conclusion 267References 267Chapter 5.3 The Role of Funders 271Authors: Bev Holmes and Chonnettia JonesIntroduction 271Setting the Scene: Funders and Their Role in the Use of Evidence 272Funders and Coproduction in the Literature 274Coproduction in Action – Examples of Funders’ Activities 275Research in Action | Stakeholder Engagement 276International Development Research Centre, Canada 276Evidence Leaders in Africa | Policymaking 277Coordinating Center | Research Partnerships 278Evidence for Action | Evidence of What Works 279INVOLVE | Public and Patient Involvement 280Discussion 280Funders in Coproduction: General Considerations 281Internally Focused Funder Processes to Support Coproduction 281Externally Facing Systems-Level Activities to Enable Coproduction 283Future Research 284Conclusion 285References 285Chapter 6 Building Blocks for Research Coproduction: Reflections and Implications 290Authors: Jo Rycroft-Malone, Ian D. Graham, Anita Kothari, and Chris McCutcheonIntroduction 290Research Coproduction: A Principles-Based Approach 291Stakeholders: An Inclusive and Flexible Approach 292Meaningful Partnership: Essential Ingredients 293System Architecture: The Context of Research Coproduction 295Supporting People’s Capability for Research Coproduction 297Building Systems Capabilities for Research Coproduction 299Judicious Coproduction 299Closing Thoughts 300References 301Index 303