Takanori Adachi is an associate professor at the Graduate School of Management and the Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University, Japan. He received a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Pennsylvania, USA. His research interests include industrial organization, competition policy, applied microeconomics, and empirical microeconomics. Ryo Hashizume is an associate professor at the Faculty of Economics, Hannan University, Japan. He received a Ph.D. in economics from Kyoto University. His research interests include industrial organization and applied microeconomics. Takeshi Ikeda is a professor at the Faculty of Economics, Daito Bunka University, Japan. He received a Ph.D. in economics from Osaka City University, Japan. His research interests include industrial organization, competition policy, and international trade. Tatsuhiko Nariu is a guest professor at the Graduate School of Business, Doshisha University, and a professor emeritus at Kyoto University. He received a Ph.D. in economics from North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA, and a Ph.D. in economics from Kyoto University. His research interests include industrial organization, marketing and distribution.  Tomohisa Okada is a lecturer at the Faculty of Economics, Daito Bunka University. He received a Ph.D. in economics from Nagoya University, Japan. His research interests include industrial organization, behavioral economics, and experimental economics.