Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is the Principal of No Pollution Enterprises. He is a chemical engineer specializing in the safe handling and management of industrial chemicals and hazardous materials with nearly forty years of industry, business and applied research experience. He earned his B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Clarkson College of Technology in Potsdam, New York. Over his long career he has worked pollution prevention and waste to energy projects in the refining, gas processing and the petrochemicals industries for numerous U.S. and foreign clients. For international lending institutions including the World Bank Organization, the U.S. Export-Import Bank, the International Finance Corporation, and donor agencies including the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, and the European Union he has served as consultant and technical advisor on pollution management, worker safety, and environmental management practices. He has also held academic positions, including adjunct professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and Farleigh Dickenson University, and has been an invited Lecturer at the Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Sciences, the Jordan University of Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, University of Missouri-Rolla, Cooper Union University, and the University of Leuven. He has authored, co-authored or edited more than 100 technical reference and textbooks.

• Preface ixAbout the Author xvAbbreviations and Acronyms xviiUseful Conversion Factors xxi1 What Fluoropolymers Are 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Evolution of Fluoropolymers and the Markets 31.3 PFAS Compounds 61.3.1 General Description 61.3.2 How They Are Made 101.3.3 The Proliferation of PFAS 151.4 Terminology 17References 192 Definitions, Uses, and Evolution of PFCs 212.1 Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs) Of Interest 212.2 The PFC Family 432.3 PFOS 442.4 PFOA 492.5 Fluorotelomers 50References 523 Fire Fighting Foams 553.1 What AFFFs Are 553.2 Environmental Impacts 58References 624 Health Risk Studies 634.1 General 634.2 PFOA 654.3 PFOS 774.4 EFSA – EU Food and Safety Authority Findings 77References 905 Overview of the Environmental Concerns 915.1 Where It All Began 915.2 Emerging Contaminants of Concern 935.3 PFOS 965.4 PFOA 100References 1076 The Supply Chain and Pathways to Contamination 1096.1 Losses Along the Supply Chain and End of Life 1096.2 Consumer Articles 1196.3 Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA 124References 1277 Standards, Advisories, and Restrictions 1297.1 Extent of Groundwater Contamination in the United States 1297.2 The U.S. Water Quality Standards 1337.3 Remedial Guidelines 1427.4 Standards in Other Countries 1437.4.1 United Kingdom 1447.4.2 Canada 1447.4.3 Germany 1457.4.4 Norway 1457.4.5 European Union (EU) 1467.4.6 OECD 1487.4.7 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 1497.4.8 United Nation’s Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) 150References 1518 Overview of Water Treatment Technology Options 1538.1 Technology Options 1538.2 Case Studies, Literature, and Technologies 156Reference 1639 Adsorption Technology 1659.1 Overview 1659.2 Activated Carbon and Other Carbonaceous Adsorbents 1699.3 Zeolites 1789.4 Polymeric Adsorbents 1799.5 Oxidic Adsorbents 1809.6 Adsorption Theory Basics and Isotherms 1819.7 Adsorption of PFOA 1869.8 Hardware and Operational Considerations 1899.9 Backwashing 1969.10 Permitting 1979.11 Spent Carbon Management 1979.12 Recommended References 198References 20110 Case Studies 20310.1 PFOA in Southern New Hampshire 20310.2 Former Wurtsmith Air Force Base 20610.3 Dupont Washington Works in West Virginia 21310.4 PFC Contamination in Minnesota 218References 228Index 229

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is the Principal of No Pollution Enterprises. He is a chemical engineer specializing in the safe handling and management of industrial chemicals and hazardous materials with nearly forty years of industry, business and applied research experience. He earned his B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Clarkson College of Technology in Potsdam, New York. Over his long career he has worked pollution prevention and waste to energy projects in the refining, gas processing and the petrochemicals industries for numerous U.S. and foreign clients. For international lending institutions including the World Bank Organization, the U.S. Export-Import Bank, the International Finance Corporation, and donor agencies including the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, and the European Union he has served as consultant and technical advisor on pollution management, worker safety, and environmental management practices. He has also held academic positions, including adjunct professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and Farleigh Dickenson University, and has been an invited Lecturer at the Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Sciences, the Jordan University of Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, University of Missouri-Rolla, Cooper Union University, and the University of Leuven. He has authored, co-authored or edited more than 100 technical reference and textbooks.

• Preface ixAbout the Author xvAbbreviations and Acronyms xviiUseful Conversion Factors xxi1 What Fluoropolymers Are 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Evolution of Fluoropolymers and the Markets 31.3 PFAS Compounds 61.3.1 General Description 61.3.2 How They Are Made 101.3.3 The Proliferation of PFAS 151.4 Terminology 17References 192 Definitions, Uses, and Evolution of PFCs 212.1 Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs) Of Interest 212.2 The PFC Family 432.3 PFOS 442.4 PFOA 492.5 Fluorotelomers 50References 523 Fire Fighting Foams 553.1 What AFFFs Are 553.2 Environmental Impacts 58References 624 Health Risk Studies 634.1 General 634.2 PFOA 654.3 PFOS 774.4 EFSA – EU Food and Safety Authority Findings 77References 905 Overview of the Environmental Concerns 915.1 Where It All Began 915.2 Emerging Contaminants of Concern 935.3 PFOS 965.4 PFOA 100References 1076 The Supply Chain and Pathways to Contamination 1096.1 Losses Along the Supply Chain and End of Life 1096.2 Consumer Articles 1196.3 Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA 124References 1277 Standards, Advisories, and Restrictions 1297.1 Extent of Groundwater Contamination in the United States 1297.2 The U.S. Water Quality Standards 1337.3 Remedial Guidelines 1427.4 Standards in Other Countries 1437.4.1 United Kingdom 1447.4.2 Canada 1447.4.3 Germany 1457.4.4 Norway 1457.4.5 European Union (EU) 1467.4.6 OECD 1487.4.7 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 1497.4.8 United Nation’s Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) 150References 1518 Overview of Water Treatment Technology Options 1538.1 Technology Options 1538.2 Case Studies, Literature, and Technologies 156Reference 1639 Adsorption Technology 1659.1 Overview 1659.2 Activated Carbon and Other Carbonaceous Adsorbents 1699.3 Zeolites 1789.4 Polymeric Adsorbents 1799.5 Oxidic Adsorbents 1809.6 Adsorption Theory Basics and Isotherms 1819.7 Adsorption of PFOA 1869.8 Hardware and Operational Considerations 1899.9 Backwashing 1969.10 Permitting 1979.11 Spent Carbon Management 1979.12 Recommended References 198References 20110 Case Studies 20310.1 PFOA in Southern New Hampshire 20310.2 Former Wurtsmith Air Force Base 20610.3 Dupont Washington Works in West Virginia 21310.4 PFC Contamination in Minnesota 218References 228Index 229

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is the Principal of No Pollution Enterprises. He is a chemical engineer specializing in the safe handling and management of industrial chemicals and hazardous materials with nearly forty years of industry, business and applied research experience. He earned his B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Clarkson College of Technology in Potsdam, New York. Over his long career he has worked pollution prevention and waste to energy projects in the refining, gas processing and the petrochemicals industries for numerous U.S. and foreign clients. For international lending institutions including the World Bank Organization, the U.S. Export-Import Bank, the International Finance Corporation, and donor agencies including the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, and the European Union he has served as consultant and technical advisor on pollution management, worker safety, and environmental management practices. He has also held academic positions, including adjunct professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and Farleigh Dickenson University, and has been an invited Lecturer at the Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Sciences, the Jordan University of Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, University of Missouri-Rolla, Cooper Union University, and the University of Leuven. He has authored, co-authored or edited more than 100 technical reference and textbooks.

• Preface ixAbout the Author xvAbbreviations and Acronyms xviiUseful Conversion Factors xxi1 What Fluoropolymers Are 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Evolution of Fluoropolymers and the Markets 31.3 PFAS Compounds 61.3.1 General Description 61.3.2 How They Are Made 101.3.3 The Proliferation of PFAS 151.4 Terminology 17References 192 Definitions, Uses, and Evolution of PFCs 212.1 Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs) Of Interest 212.2 The PFC Family 432.3 PFOS 442.4 PFOA 492.5 Fluorotelomers 50References 523 Fire Fighting Foams 553.1 What AFFFs Are 553.2 Environmental Impacts 58References 624 Health Risk Studies 634.1 General 634.2 PFOA 654.3 PFOS 774.4 EFSA – EU Food and Safety Authority Findings 77References 905 Overview of the Environmental Concerns 915.1 Where It All Began 915.2 Emerging Contaminants of Concern 935.3 PFOS 965.4 PFOA 100References 1076 The Supply Chain and Pathways to Contamination 1096.1 Losses Along the Supply Chain and End of Life 1096.2 Consumer Articles 1196.3 Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA 124References 1277 Standards, Advisories, and Restrictions 1297.1 Extent of Groundwater Contamination in the United States 1297.2 The U.S. Water Quality Standards 1337.3 Remedial Guidelines 1427.4 Standards in Other Countries 1437.4.1 United Kingdom 1447.4.2 Canada 1447.4.3 Germany 1457.4.4 Norway 1457.4.5 European Union (EU) 1467.4.6 OECD 1487.4.7 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 1497.4.8 United Nation’s Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) 150References 1518 Overview of Water Treatment Technology Options 1538.1 Technology Options 1538.2 Case Studies, Literature, and Technologies 156Reference 1639 Adsorption Technology 1659.1 Overview 1659.2 Activated Carbon and Other Carbonaceous Adsorbents 1699.3 Zeolites 1789.4 Polymeric Adsorbents 1799.5 Oxidic Adsorbents 1809.6 Adsorption Theory Basics and Isotherms 1819.7 Adsorption of PFOA 1869.8 Hardware and Operational Considerations 1899.9 Backwashing 1969.10 Permitting 1979.11 Spent Carbon Management 1979.12 Recommended References 198References 20110 Case Studies 20310.1 PFOA in Southern New Hampshire 20310.2 Former Wurtsmith Air Force Base 20610.3 Dupont Washington Works in West Virginia 21310.4 PFC Contamination in Minnesota 218References 228Index 229