Nanotechnology for Sustainable Food Packaging

C. Anandharamakrishnan, Director, CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Ministry of Science and Technology – Government of India, Thiruvananthapuram, India Jeyan A. Moses, Assistant Professor and In-charge, Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, India M. Maria Leena, Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India

• List of Contributors xvii Preface xxiii 1 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 1  P. Santhoshkumar and JeyanA. Moses 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 2 1.3 Conclusion 10 References 10 2 Trends in Food Packaging and the Scope of Nanotechnology 15  Dravin Pratap Singh, Ila Singh, B. S. Unnikrishnan, and Gopinath Packirisamy 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 16 2.3 Types of Nanomaterials Deployed in Food Packaging 18 2.4 Categorization of Food Packaging 23 2.5 Effects of Food Packaging Materials on the Environment 28 2.6 Future Scope of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 29 2.7 The Commercial Value of Food Packaging in the Market 29 2.8 Patents Related to Food Packaging 30 2.9 Conclusion 33 Acknowledgment 33 References 33 3 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites in Food Packaging 41  Vijayakumar Raja, L. Mahalakshmi, M. Maria Leena, and C. Anandharamakrishnan 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Types of Polymers 42 3.3 Types of Fillers 42 3.4 Polymer Nanocomposites – Preparation Methods 43 3.5 Mechanism of Reinforcement 44 3.6 Common Polymer Nanocomposites Used in Food-Packaging Systems 45 3.7 Applications in Food Packaging 47 3.8 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 48 3.9 Environmental Impact 53 3.10 Conclusion 54 References 54 4 Inorganic and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 63  Akanksha Shetty, Rishab Subramaniam, and Sundus Nida 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Types and Functions of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 64 4.3 Inorganic and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials Applied in Food Packaging 71 4.4 Properties of Inorganic and Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 74 4.5 Legislation and Regulatory Aspects 77 4.6 Applications in Food Systems 78 4.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 79 References 80 5 Edible Coatings: Concept, Applications and Toxicological Aspects 83  Luana S. C. Carnaval, Andrelina Maria Pinheiro Santos, Betty Del Carmen Jarma Arroyo, Enayde de Almeida Melo, Amit K. Jaiswal, and Swarna Jaiswal 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Edible Coating Concept, Nanotechnology, and Raw Materials Applied to These Matrices 84 5.3 Methods of Coating 85 5.4 Nanocomposites and Bio-Based Materials for Edible Coatings 92 5.5 The Essential Properties of Bio-Nanocomposite Coatings 94 5.6 Coatings as Substance Releasers or Carriers in Food Models 95 5.7 General Safety Aspects Related to the Development of Food Contact Materials 98 5.8 Toxicological Aspects, Safety, and Components Migration Related to Edible Coatings 99 5.9 Conclusion and Prospects 100 Acknowledgment 100 Conflicts of Interest 101 References 101 6 Multilayer Flexible Films for Bio-Based Food Packaging 111  Maria José Costa, Victor Souza, Lorenzo Pastrana, and Miguel Ângelo Cerqueira 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Bio-Based Materials and Methodologies 112 6.3 Multilayer Structures 119 6.4 Food Applications 125 6.5 Conclusion 127 Acknowledgments 127 References 127 7 Nanoencapsulation and Nanodelivery Through Food Packaging 135  Vimala S. K. Bharathi and Digvir S. Jayas 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Food-Packaging Applications 138 7.3 Perishable Food Applications 140 7.4 Stored Grains 145 7.5 Health and Environmental Impacts of Nanoencapsulated Materials 149 7.6 Summary and Prospects 151 References 151 8 Active Packaging: Concept, Applications, and Regulatory Aspects 161  A. Vanmathi Mugasundari and Jeyan A. Moses 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 Types and Mechanisms of Nano Material-Based Active Packaging 162 8.3 Nanomaterial-Based Active Packaging Enhancements in MAP 172 8.4 Emerging Concepts and Future Trends 172 8.5 Regulatory Considerations and Safety 174 8.6 Conclusion 174 References 175 9 Intelligent Packaging: Concept, Applications, and Regulatory Aspects 183  Kalpani Y. Perera, Luana S. C. Carnaval, Amit K. Jaiswal, and Swarna Jaiswal 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Concepts of Intelligent Packaging 185 9.3 Types of Intelligent Packaging 186 9.4 Nanotechnological Applications in Intelligent Packaging 195 9.5 Applications of Intelligent Food Packaging for Meat/Fish, Fruits, Vegetables, and Dairy Products 198 9.6 Regulatory Aspects 203 9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 203 Acknowledgment 204 References 204 10 Biosensors and Nanosensors for Quality Evaluation in Food Packaging 211  Devika Yadav, Vijayakumar Raja, and C. Anandharamakrishnan 10.1 Introduction 211 10.2 General Working Principles of Biosensors, Nanosensors and Bio-Nanosensors 212 10.3 Applications of Biosensors, Nanosensors, and Bio-Nanosensors in Food Packaging 214 10.4 Challenges and Future Trends 224 10.5 Conclusion 224 References 225 11 Biodegradable Food Packaging and Additive Manufacturing Technology 237  Adity Bahndral, Rafeeya Shams, and Pintu Choudhary 11.1 Introduction 237 11.2 Emerging Concerns on the Usage of Synthetic Polymers 239 11.3 Biodegradable Materials Used for Food Packaging 242 11.4 Advantages and Limitations of Biodegradable Polymer 249 11.5 Bionanocomposites for Food Packaging 250 11.6 Biodegradation and Waste Valorization of Eco-friendly and Sustainable Biopolymers 253 11.7 Market Trends in Biodegradable Food Packaging 254 11.8 Emerging Applications of Novel Techniques for the Development of Biodegradable Packaging Materials 261 11.9 Conclusion and Future Perspective 264 References 265 12 Nanoscale Surface Modification by Fatty Acid Grafting Technologies 281 Corina L. Reichert, Lisa-Marie Dietz, and Markus Schmid 12.1 Introduction 281 12.2 Chemical Process 282 12.3 Upscaling Options and Requirements 291 12.4 Industrial Fields of Application 292 12.5 Legal Aspects 295 12.6 Occupational Safety 296 12.7 Sustainability Aspects and Future Scenarios 297 Acknowledgments 300 References 301 13 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Packaging of Special/Space Foods 305  Vidushi Kapoor, Vijayakumar Raja, Ishita Neogi, and C. Anandharamakrishnan 13.1 Introduction 305 13.2 Criteria for Packaging of Space Foods 306 13.3 Evolution of Space Foods and Packaging Technologies 307 13.4 Exploration Agencies and Their Packaging Trends 307 13.5 Applicability of Nano Packaging to Processed Space Foods 309 13.6 Emerging/Novel Space Food Packaging Technologies 313 13.7 Challenges Faced in Space Food Packaging 316 13.8 Use of Nanotechnology for Quality Detection of Space Foods 317 13.9 Future Scope of Packaging Materials for Space Foods 317 13.10 Conclusion and Outlook 318 References 319 14 Life Cycle Analysis in Food Packaging 325  Shweta Deotale, Divyajyoti Biswal, and Sachin A. Mandavgane 14.1 Introduction 325 14.2 Sustainable Food Packaging 327 14.3 Life Cycle Assessment 328 14.4 LCA of Nanofood Packaging 335 14.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanofood Packaging Materials 338 14.6 Major Challenges and Future Perspective 340 14.7 Conclusion 340 References 341 15 Migratory Effects, Safety, and Concerns of Nanofood Packaging 345  Rahul Kumar and Kanishka Bhunia 15.1 Introduction 345 15.2 Nanomaterial Types in Nanofood Packaging 346 15.3 Migration of Nanomaterials from Packaging 350 15.4 Factors Affecting the Migration 352 15.5 Diffusion Models and Their Terminologies 355 15.6 Migration Modeling 358 15.7 Modeling Approaches for Different Packaging Materials 363 15.8 Migration Modeling Software 364 15.9 Migratory Effects of Nanoparticles on Food 366 15.10 Migration Tests 366 15.11 Toxicological Effect of Nanoparticles on Human Health 369 15.12 Safety Regulation 370 15.13 Final Remarks 371 References 372 16 Global Regulatory Frameworks for Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 381  Singam Suranjoy Singh, Anns Annie Gigi, Prasanth K. S. Pillai, and K.V. Ragavan 16.1 Introduction 381 16.2 Scope of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 381 16.3 Regulations in Different Regions 392 16.4 Guidelines for the Evaluation of Nano-Based Agri Inputs and Food Products in India 395 16.5 Global Standards 398 16.6 Market Trends and Consumer Preference 400 16.7 Perspectives and Conclusion 402 References 402 17 Nanotechnology Solutions in Food Packaging: Present and Future 409  Navjot Kaur, Hamid, and Pintu Choudhary 17.1 Introduction 409 17.2 Current Status of Food Nanotechnology 411 17.3 Applications in Food Packaging Industry 412 17.4 Future Prospective 418 17.5 Conclusion 420 References 421 18 Sustainability and Future of Nanofood Packaging 427  J. Cyril Robinson Azariah, D. Sungeetha, and Ashley George Thomas 18.1 An Introduction to Sustainable Packaging 427 18.2 Potential Future Applications for Smart Packaging with Various Food Products 429 18.3 The Future of Antimicrobial Packaging Systems 431 18.4 Nanotechnology in Sustainable Plastics for Food Packaging 434 18.5 Sustainable Preparation Methods for Nanomaterials 435 18.6 Future Research Areas Based on Societal Demand and Emerging Approaches 435 18.7 Nondestructive Quality Checks 436 18.8 Novel Sustainable Advanced Materials and Their Future Scope 437 18.9 Conclusion 437 References 437 Index 441