Musculoskeletal System

IAN PEATE is a Visiting Professor at Northumbria University, a Senior Clinical Fellow at the University of Hertfordshire, and a Professorial Fellow at the University of Roehampton. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing and the Consultant Editor of the Journal of Paramedic Practice and the International Journal of Advancing Practice.

• Preface viiiAcknowledgements x1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Musculoskeletal System 1Muscles 1Muscle Tissues 2Properties of Muscle Tissue 5Bone 6The Skeleton 6Bone as Connective Tissue 10Osteoblasts 11Osteoclasts 11Osteocytes 11Cartilage 12Ligaments 12Tendons 13The Formation of Bone 13Bone Growth 13Bone Remodelling 14Bone Fractures 15Bone Shapes 17Joints 20Movements 20Fibrous Joints 21Cartilaginous Joints 21Synovial Joints 22Hinge 22Pivot 22Ball and Socket 24Condyloid 24Saddle 24Gliding 24Fixed Joints 24Conclusion 24Glossary of Terms 24Multiple Choice Questions 26References 272 Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System 28Kinesiology 28Assessing Needs 30Bones 30Muscles 30Joints 30Ligaments and Tendons 30Anatomical Terms Used in Assessment 30Principles of Assessment 34The Health History 36Biographical Data 36Current Health Status 36Balance and Coordination Problems 37Past Health History 39Family History 40Review of Systems 40Psychosocial Profile 40The Physical Examination 41Method 42Carrying Out a Musculoskeletal Physical Assessment 42Balance 43Coordination 43Accuracy of Movements 43Taking Limb Measurements 44Assessing Joints and Muscles 44Abnormal Findings 45Conclusion 47Glossary of Terms 47Multiple Choice Questions 48References 493 Osteoarthritis 51Arthritis 51Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Osteoarthritis 52Epidemiology 53Risk Factors 54Clinical Presentation 55Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 60Management 64Pharmacological Approaches 65Intra-articular Injections 65Surgery 66Health Teaching 66Conclusion 68Glossary of Terms 68Multiple Choice Questions 69References 70Bone Mineral Density 76Transgender 77Epidemiology 77Risk Factors 79Clinical Presentation 80Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 81Management 84Treatment of Fractures 86Health Teaching 87Conclusion 88Glossary of Terms 88Multiple Choice Questions 89References 905 Rheumatoid Arthritis 92Autoimmune Disorders 92Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis 93Epidemiology 95Risk Factors 96Clinical Presentation 97Extra-articular Manifestations 99Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 100Management 104Health Teaching 107Conclusion 107Glossary of Terms 107Multiple Choice Questions 108References 1104 Osteoporosis 72Bone Health 72Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Osteoporosis 73Fragility Fractures 746 Bone Cancer 111Musculoskeletal Oncology 111Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Primary Bone Cancer 111Epidemiology 115Risk Factors 116Clinical Presentation 118Grading and Staging 119Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 120Management 126Health Teaching 127Conclusion 127Glossary of Terms 128Multiple Choice Questions 128References 1307 Gout 131Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Gout 131Epidemiology 134Risk Factors 134Clinical Presentation 136Complications 138Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 139Management 142Comorbidity Management 143Health Teaching 144Conclusion 145Glossary of Terms 145Multiple Choice Questions 146References 1478 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 149Cubital Tunnel Syndrome 149Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 149Epidemiology 150Risk Factors 151Clinical Presentation 152Stage 1 155Stage 2 155Stage 3 155Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 155Management 159Health Teaching 161Conclusion 162Glossary of Terms 162Multiple Choice Questions 163References 164MCQ Answers 166Index 167

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