Simon Baatz was born in London and studied at the University of York and Imperial College London. He first came to the United States for graduate work in the history of science at the University of Pennsylvania and he subsequently taught United States history at George Mason University in northern Virginia. He received his PhD in history at the University of Pennsylvania.

• List of Illustrations 2Preface to the Second Edition 3Preface to the First Edition 5Prologue 9Chapter 1 Science in the Early Republic, 1817-1844 17Chapter 2 The Struggle for Survival, 1844-1866 63Chapter 3 A Rivalry for Resources, 1866-1887 99Chapter 4 Consolidation and Cooperation, 1887-1907 141Chapter 5 The Puerto Rico Survey, 1907-1934 179Chapter 6 The Dissemination of Knowledge, 1934-1970 219Chapter 7 The Modern Era, 1970-2016 249Selected Bibliography 275Manuscript Sources 281Index 283

Simon Baatz was born in London and studied at the University of York and Imperial College London. He first came to the United States for graduate work in the history of science at the University of Pennsylvania and he subsequently taught United States history at George Mason University in northern Virginia. He received his PhD in history at the University of Pennsylvania.

• List of Illustrations 2Preface to the Second Edition 3Preface to the First Edition 5Prologue 9Chapter 1 Science in the Early Republic, 1817-1844 17Chapter 2 The Struggle for Survival, 1844-1866 63Chapter 3 A Rivalry for Resources, 1866-1887 99Chapter 4 Consolidation and Cooperation, 1887-1907 141Chapter 5 The Puerto Rico Survey, 1907-1934 179Chapter 6 The Dissemination of Knowledge, 1934-1970 219Chapter 7 The Modern Era, 1970-2016 249Selected Bibliography 275Manuscript Sources 281Index 283

Simon Baatz was born in London and studied at the University of York and Imperial College London. He first came to the United States for graduate work in the history of science at the University of Pennsylvania and he subsequently taught United States history at George Mason University in northern Virginia. He received his PhD in history at the University of Pennsylvania.

• List of Illustrations 2Preface to the Second Edition 3Preface to the First Edition 5Prologue 9Chapter 1 Science in the Early Republic, 1817-1844 17Chapter 2 The Struggle for Survival, 1844-1866 63Chapter 3 A Rivalry for Resources, 1866-1887 99Chapter 4 Consolidation and Cooperation, 1887-1907 141Chapter 5 The Puerto Rico Survey, 1907-1934 179Chapter 6 The Dissemination of Knowledge, 1934-1970 219Chapter 7 The Modern Era, 1970-2016 249Selected Bibliography 275Manuscript Sources 281Index 283