Internet of Things

Olivier Hersent, Consultant, France Olivier Hersent was the founder of NetCentrex and former CTO of Comverse Inc., and previously worked as an R&D Engineer at Orange/France Telecom. He studied finance, quantum physics and psychology at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1991-1994. Hersent is now an independent consultant. David Boswarthick, ETSI, France David has been extensively involved in the standardization activities of mobile, fixed and convergent networks in both the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for over 10 years. He is currently involved in the M2M standards group which is defining an end to end architecture and requirements for multiple M2M applications including Smart Metering, healthcare and enhanced home living. David holds a Maste's Degree in Networks and Distributed systems from the University of Nice and Sophia Antipolis, France.Omar Elloumi, Alcatel-Lucent, France Omar is currently a standardization manager at Alcatel-Lucent. He received his degree in Engineering from Université de Rennes.

• List of Acronyms xv Introduction xxiiiPart I M2M AREA NETWORK PHYSICAL LAYERS1 IEEE 802.15.4 31.1 The IEEE 802 Committee Family of Protocols 31.2 The Physical Layer 31.2.1 Interferences with Other Technologies 51.2.2 Choice of a 802.15.4 Communication Channel, Energy Detection, Link Quality Information 71.2.3 Sending a Data Frame 81.3 The Media-Access Control Layer 81.3.1 802.15.4 Reduced Function and Full Function Devices, Coordinators, and the PAN Coordinator 91.3.2 Association 121.3.3 802.15.4 Addresses 131.3.4 802.15.4 Frame Format 131.3.5 Security 141.4 Uses of 802.15.4 161.5 The Future of 802.15.4: 802.15.4e and 802.15.4g 171.5.1 802.15.4e 171.5.2 802.15.4g 212 Powerline Communication for M2M Applications 232.1 Overview of PLC Technologies 232.2 PLC Landscape 232.2.1 The Historical Period (1950–2000) 242.2.2 After Year 2000: The Maturity of PLC 242.3 Powerline Communication: A Constrained Media 272.3.1 Powerline is a Difficult Channel 272.3.2 Regulation Limitations 272.3.3 Power Consumption 322.3.4 Lossy Network 332.3.5 Powerline is a Shared Media and Coexistence is not an OptionalFeature 352.4 The Ideal PLC System for M2M 372.4.1 Openness and Availability 382.4.2 Range 382.4.3 Power Consumption 382.4.4 Data Rate 392.4.5 Robustness 392.4.6 EMC Regulatory Compliance 402.4.7 Coexistence 402.4.8 Security 402.4.9 Latency 402.4.10 Interoperability with M2M Wireless Services 402.5 Conclusion 40References 41Part II LEGACY M2M PROTOCOLS FOR SENSOR NETWORKS,BUILDING AUTOMATION AND HOME AUTOMATION3 The BACnetTM Protocol 453.1 Standardization 453.1.1 United States 463.1.2 Europe 463.1.3 Interworking 463.2 Technology 463.2.1 Physical Layer 473.2.2 Link Layer 473.2.3 Network Layer 473.2.4 Transport and Session Layers 493.2.5 Presentation and Application Layers 493.3 BACnet Security 553.4 BACnet Over Web Services (Annex N, Annex H6) 553.4.1 The Generic WS Model 563.4.2 BACnet/WS Services 583.4.3 The Web Services Profile for BACnet Objects 593.4.4 Future Improvements 594 The LonWorks R Control Networking Platform 614.1 Standardization 614.1.1 United States of America 614.1.2 Europe 624.1.3 China 624.2 Technology 624.2.1 Physical Layer 634.2.2 Link Layer 644.2.3 Network Layer 654.2.4 Transport Layer 664.2.5 Session Layer 674.2.6 Presentation Layer 674.2.7 Application Layer 714.3 Web Services Interface for LonWorks Networks: Echelon SmartServer 724.4 A REST Interface for LonWorks 734.4.1 LonBridge REST Transactions 744.4.2 Requests 744.4.3 Responses 754.4.4 LonBridge REST Resources 755 ModBus 795.1 Introduction 795.2 ModBus Standardization 805.3 ModBus Message Framing and Transmission Modes 805.4 ModBus/TCP 816 KNX 836.1 The Konnex/KNX Association 836.2 Standardization 836.3 KNX Technology Overview 846.3.1 Physical Layer 846.3.2 Data Link and Routing Layers, Addressing 876.3.3 Transport Layer 896.3.4 Application Layer 896.3.5 KNX Devices, Functional Blocks and Interworking 896.4 Device Configuration 927 ZigBee 937.1 Development of the Standard 937.2 ZigBee Architecture 947.2.1 ZigBee and 802.15.4 947.2.2 ZigBee Protocol Layers 947.2.3 ZigBee Node Types 967.3 Association 967.3.1 Forming a Network 967.3.2 Joining a Parent Node in a Network Using 802.15.4 Association 977.3.3 Using NWK Rejoin 997.4 The ZigBee Network Layer 997.4.1 Short-Address Allocation 997.4.2 Network Layer Frame Format 1007.4.3 Packet Forwarding 1017.4.4 Routing Support Primitives 1017.4.5 Routing Algorithms 1027.5 The ZigBee APS Layer 1057.5.1 Endpoints, Descriptors 1067.5.2 The APS Frame 1067.6 The ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) and the ZigBee Device Profile (ZDP) 1097.6.1 ZDP Device and Service Discovery Services (Mandatory) 1097.6.2 ZDP Network Management Services (Mandatory) 1107.6.3 ZDP Binding Management Services (Optional) 1117.6.4 Group Management 1117.7 ZigBee Security 1117.7.1 ZigBee and 802.15.4 Security 1117.7.2 Key Types 1137.7.3 The Trust Center 1147.7.4 The ZDO Permissions Table 1167.8 The ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL) 1167.8.1 Cluster 1167.8.2 Attributes 1177.8.3 Commands 1177.8.4 ZCL Frame 1177.9 ZigBee Application Profiles 1197.9.1 The Home Automation (HA) Application Profile 1197.9.2 ZigBee Smart Energy 1.0 (ZSE or AMI) 1227.10 The ZigBee Gateway Specification for Network Devices 1297.10.1 The ZGD 1307.10.2 GRIP Binding 1317.10.3 SOAP Binding 1327.10.4 REST Binding 1327.10.5 Example IPHA–ZGD Interaction Using the REST Binding 1348 Z-Wave 1398.1 History and Management of the Protocol 1398.2 The Z-Wave Protocol 1408.2.1 Overview 1408.2.2 Z-Wave Node Types 1408.2.3 RF and MAC Layers 1428.2.4 Transfer Layer 1438.2.5 Routing Layer 1458.2.6 Application Layer 148Part III LEGACY M2M PROTOCOLS FOR UTILITY METERING9 M-Bus and Wireless M-Bus 1559.1 Development of the Standard 1559.2 M-Bus Architecture 1569.2.1 Physical Layer 1569.2.2 Link Layer 1569.2.3 Network Layer 1579.2.4 Application Layer 1589.3 Wireless M-Bus 1609.3.1 Physical Layer 1609.3.2 Data-Link Layer 1629.3.3 Application Layer 1629.3.4 Security 16310 The ANSI C12 Suite 16510.1 Introduction 16510.2 C12.19: The C12 Data Model 16610.2.1 The Read and Write Minimum Services 16710.2.2 Some Remarkable C12.19 Tables 16710.3 C12.18: Basic Point-to-Point Communication Over an Optical Port 16810.4 C12.21: An Extension of C12.18 for Modem Communication 16910.4.1 Interactions with the Data-Link Layer 17010.4.2 Modifications and Additions to C12.19 Tables 17110.5 C12.22: C12.19 Tables Transport Over Any Networking CommunicationSystem 17110.5.1 Reference Topology and Network Elements 17110.5.2 C12.22 Node to C12.22 Network Communications 17310.5.3 C12.22 Device to C12.22 Communication Module Interface 17410.5.4 C12.19 Updates 17610.6 Other Parts of ANSI C12 Protocol Suite 17610.7 RFC 6142: C12.22 Transport Over an IP Network 17610.8 REST-Based Interfaces to C12.19 17711 DLMS/COSEM 17911.1 DLMS Standardization 17911.1.1 The DLMS UA 17911.1.2 DLMS/COSEM, the Colored Books 17911.1.3 DLMS Standardization in IEC 18011.2 The COSEM Data Model 18111.3 The Object Identification System (OBIS) 18211.4 The DLMS/COSEM Interface Classes 18411.4.1 Data-Storage ICs 18511.4.2 Association ICs 18511.4.3 Time- and Event-Bound ICs 18611.4.4 Communication Setup Channel Objects 18611.5 Accessing COSEM Interface Objects 18611.5.1 The Application Association Concept 18611.5.2 The DLMS/COSEM Communication Framework 18711.5.3 The Data Communication Services of COSEM Application Layer 18911.6 End-to-End Security in the DLMS/COSEM Approach 19111.6.1 Access Control Security 19111.6.2 Data-Transport Security 192Part IV THE NEXT GENERATION: IP-BASED PROTOCOLS12 6LoWPAN and RPL 19512.1 Overview 19512.2 What is 6LoWPAN? 6LoWPAN and RPL Standardization 19512.3 Overview of the 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer 19612.3.1 Mesh Addressing Header 19712.3.2 Fragment Header 19812.3.3 IPv6 Compression Header 19812.4 Context-Based Compression: IPHC 20012.5 RPL 20212.5.1 RPL Control Messages 20412.5.2 Construction of the DODAG and Upward Routes 20412.6 Downward Routes, Multicast Membership 20612.7 Packet Routing 20712.7.1 RPL Security 20813 ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0 20913.1 REST Overview 20913.1.1 Uniform Interfaces, REST Resources and Resource Identifiers 20913.1.2 REST Verbs 21013.1.3 Other REST Constraints, and What is REST After All? 21113.2 ZigBee SEP 2.0 Overview 21213.2.1 ZigBee IP 21313.2.2 ZigBee SEP 2.0 Resources 21413.3 Function Sets and Device Types 21713.3.1 Base Function Set 21813.3.2 Group Enrollment 22113.3.3 Meter 22313.3.4 Pricing 22313.3.5 Demand Response and Load Control Function Set 22413.3.6 Distributed Energy Resources 22713.3.7 Plug-In Electric Vehicle 22713.3.8 Messaging 23013.3.9 Registration 23113.4 ZigBee SE 2.0 Security 23213.4.1 Certificates 23213.4.2 IP Level Security 23213.4.3 Application-Level Security 23514 The ETSI M2M Architecture 23714.1 Introduction to ETSI TC M2M 23714.2 System Architecture 23814.2.1 High-Level Architecture 23814.2.2 Reference Points 23914.2.3 Service Capabilities 24014.3 ETSI M2M SCL Resource Structure 24214.3.1 SCL Resources 24414.3.2 Application Resources 24414.3.3 Access Right Resources 24814.3.4 Container Resources 24814.3.5 Group Resources 25014.3.6 Subscription and Notification Channel Resources 25114.4 ETSI M2M Interactions Overview 25214.5 Security in the ETSI M2M Framework 25214.5.1 Key Management 25214.5.2 Access Lists 25414.6 Interworking with Machine Area Networks 25514.6.1 Mapping M2M Networks to ETSI M2M Resources 25614.6.2 Interworking with ZigBee 1.0 25714.6.3 Interworking with C.12 26214.6.4 Interworking with DLMS/COSEM 26414.7 Conclusion on ETSI M2M 266Part V KEY APPLICATIONS OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS15 The Smart Grid 27115.1 Introduction 27115.2 The Marginal Cost of Electricity: Base and Peak Production 27215.3 Managing Demand: The Next Challenge of Electricity Operators . . . andWhy M2M Will Become a Key Technology 27315.4 Demand Response for Transmission System Operators (TSO) 27415.4.1 Grid-Balancing Authorities: The TSOs 27415.4.2 Power Shedding: Who Pays What? 27615.4.3 Automated Demand Response 27715.5 Case Study: RTE in France 27715.5.1 The Public-Network Stabilization and Balancing Mechanisms in France 27715.5.2 The Bidding Mechanisms of the Tertiary Adjustment Reserve 28115.5.3 Who Pays for the Network-Balancing Costs? 28315.6 The Opportunity of Smart Distributed Energy Management 28515.6.1 Assessing the Potential of Residential and Small-Business Powerz Shedding (Heating/Cooling Control) 28615.6.2 Analysis of a Typical Home 28715.6.3 The Business Case 29315.7 Demand Response: The Big Picture 30015.7.1 From Network Balancing to Peak-Demand Suppression 30015.7.2 Demand Response Beyond Heating Systems 30415.8 Conclusion: The Business Case of Demand Response and Demand Shifting is a Key Driver for the Deployment of the Internet of Things 30516 Electric Vehicle Charging 30716.1 Charging Standards Overview 30716.1.1 IEC Standards Related to EV Charging 31016.1.2 SAE Standards 31716.1.3 J2293 31816.1.4 CAN – Bus 31916.1.5 J2847: The New “Recommended Practice” for High-LevelCommunication Leveraging the ZigBee Smart Energy Profile 2.0 32016.2 Use Cases 32116.2.1 Basic Use Cases 32116.2.2 A More Complex Use Case: Thermal Preconditioning of the Car 32316.3 Conclusion 324Appendix A Normal Aggregate Power Demand of a Set of IdenticalHeating Systems with Hysteresis 327Appendix B Effect of a Decrease of Tref. The Danger of Correlation 329Appendix C Changing Tref without Introducing Correlation 331C.1 Effect of an Increase of Tref 331Appendix D Lower Consumption, A Side Benefit of Power Shedding 333Index 337

“The technical content is accurate, timely, and up to date with respect to the state of the art in the field. The book is strongly recommended for engineers, academic researchers, and network operators dealing with the Internet of Things. For these readers, the book represents a valuable and authoritative source of information and reference.”  (Computing Reviews, 1 March 2013)