THE EDITOR Sunit K. Singh, Ph.D is an Associate Professor (Molecular Immunology) in the Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xviiAcknowledgments xixAbout the Editor xxi1 Pathogenesis of the Old World Arenaviruses in Humans 1Igor S. Lukashevich2 Pathogenesis of New World Arenaviruses in Humans 29Veronica Martın, Stefan Kunz, Esteban Domingo, and Noemı Sevilla3 Pathogenesis of Emerging and Novel Bunyaviruses in Humans 43Cong Jin and Dexin Li4 Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever in Humans 73Inaia Phoenix and Tetsuro Ikegami5 Pathogenesis of Hantavirus Infections 95Tarja Sironen, Olli Vapalahti, and Alexander Plyusnin6 Molecular Pathogenesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection 113Sunit Kumar Singh7 Dengue Virus Infection in Humans: Epidemiology, Biology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Aspects 125Fatih Anfasa, Leonard Nainggolan, and Byron E. E. Martina8 Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus in Humans 145Rianna Vandergaast, Katherine L. Hussmann, and Brenda L. Fredericksen9 Overview on Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis 177Sunit Kumar Singh10 Nipah Virus Infections in Humans 189Kaw Bing Chua, Chong Tin Tan, and Kum Thong Wong11 Pathogenesis of Hendra Virus in Humans 207Chad E. Mire, Benjamin A. Satterfield, and Thomas W. Geisbert12 Pathogenesis of Rotavirus in Humans 227Carlos Fernando Narvaez, Martha C. Mesa, Alfonso Barreto, Luz-Stella Rodr´ıguez, and Juana Angel13 Pathogenesis of Papillomaviruses in Humans 243John Doorbar14 Kaposi’s Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Pathogenesis 265Lia R. Walker, Anshul V. Subramanya, Zeal T. Akula, and Shaw M. Akula15 Microsporidiosis in Humans 281Henry Shikani, Elizabeth S. Didier, and Louis M. Weiss16 Pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii in Humans 303Hong-Juan Peng, Feng Tan, and David S. Lindsay17 Pathogenesis of Human African Trypanosomiasis 319Jennifer Cnops and Stefan Magez18 Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis in Humans 337Steve Oghumu, Gayathri Natarajan, and Abhay R. Satoskar19 Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease in Humans 349Marıa-Jes us Pinazo, Faustino Torrico, and Joaquim Gascon20 Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium in Humans, 371Gabriela Certad, Marwan Osman, and Sadia Benamrouz21 Pathogenesis of Malarial Parasites in Humans 393Caroline Lin Lin Chua, Ricardo Ataıde, Alexandra J. Umbers, and Phillipe Boeuf22 Pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis in Humans 423Marlene Benchimol, Antonio Pereira-Neves, and Wanderley de Souza23 Loa loa Pathogenesis in Humans 441Akue Jean Paul24 Nematode Larva Migrans 453Kumara Singaravelu, Christina M. Coyle, Yuri C. Martins, Louis M. Weiss, Fabiana S. Machado, Herbert B. Tanowitz, and Kevin R. Kazacos25 Pathogenesis of Human Schistosomiasis 481Thien-Linh Le, Susanne H. Sokolow, Olfat Hammam, Chi-Ling Fu, and Michael Hsieh26 Vector-Borne Parasitic Zoonotic Infections in Humans 505Domenico Otranto and Filipe Dantas-Torres27 Pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae in Humans 517Alistair Harrison and Kevin M. Mason28 Campylobacter jejuni: Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models of Colonization and Disease 535Christopher R. Gourley and Michael E. Konkel29 Pathogenesis of Francisella tularensis in Humans 555Monique Barel, Nathalie Grall, and Alain Charbit30 Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis in Humans 567E.D. Williamson31 Pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila in Humans 575Adam J. Vogrin and Elizabeth L. Hartland32 Pathogenesis of Kingella kingae Infections 591Pablo Yagupsky33 Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori in Humans 607Carlo-Federico Zambon, Daniela Basso, Michela Pelloso, Alberto Tessari, and Mario Plebani34 Pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Humans 635Luis Otero Guerra, Jose Antonio Boga, Jonathan Fernandez Suarez, Carlos Fernandez Benıtez, and Fernando Vazquez35 Pertussis or Whooping Cough 649Camille Locht and Nathalie Mielcarek36 Pathogenesis of Human Ehrlichioses 665Tais Berelli Saito and David H. Walker37 Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The Pathogen, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Resistance 683Namraj Goire, David J. Speers, Monica M. Lahra, and David M. Whiley38 Pathogenesis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans 699Andreas Burkovski39 Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus in Humans 711Thea Lu and Frank R. DeLeo40 Pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes in Humans 749Helene Marquis, Douglas A. Drevets, Michael S. Bronze, Sophia Kathariou, Thaddeus G. Golos, and J. Igor Iruretagoyena41 Anthrax Infection 773Kenneth E. Remy, Caitlin Hicks, and Peter Q. Eichacker42 Pathogenesis of Streptococcus in Humans 795Roberta Creti, Giovanni Gherardi, Alberto Berardi, and Lucilla Baldassarri43 Pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum in Humans 821Sabine Pellett44 Mycobacterium ulcerans and Buruli Ulcer 841Mark Eric Benbow, Belinda Hall, Lydia Mosi, Sophie Roberts, Rachel Simmonds, and Heather Williamson Jordan45 Challenges Associated with Diagnostics, Drug Resistance, and Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 863Juan Carlos Palomino and Anandi Martin46 Pathogenesis of Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection in Humans 877Wiwit Tantibhedhyabgkul and Jean-Louis Mege47 Lyme Borreliosis 887John J. Halperin48 NDM-Type Carbapenemases in Gram-Negative Rods 897Laurent Dortet, Laurent Poirel, and Patrice Nordmann49 Pathogenesis of Cryptococcosis in Humans 915Ricardo Negroni and Alicia I. Arechavala50 Candida albicans: Clinical Relevance, Pathogenesis, and Host Immunity 929Alexandra Correia, Paula Sampaio, Manuel Vilanova, and Celia Pais51 Pathogenesis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia 953Taylor Eddens, Aniket Kaloti, and Jay K. Kolls52 Pathogenesis of Aspergillosis in Humans 967George Dimopoulos, Dimitrios K. Matthaiou, Nikolaos Moussas, Olympia Apostolopoulou, George Arabatzis, Aristea Velegraki, and Garyphalia PoulakouIndex i1

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THE EDITOR Sunit K. Singh, Ph.D is an Associate Professor (Molecular Immunology) in the Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xviiAcknowledgments xixAbout the Editor xxi1 Pathogenesis of the Old World Arenaviruses in Humans 1Igor S. Lukashevich2 Pathogenesis of New World Arenaviruses in Humans 29Veronica Martın, Stefan Kunz, Esteban Domingo, and Noemı Sevilla3 Pathogenesis of Emerging and Novel Bunyaviruses in Humans 43Cong Jin and Dexin Li4 Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever in Humans 73Inaia Phoenix and Tetsuro Ikegami5 Pathogenesis of Hantavirus Infections 95Tarja Sironen, Olli Vapalahti, and Alexander Plyusnin6 Molecular Pathogenesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection 113Sunit Kumar Singh7 Dengue Virus Infection in Humans: Epidemiology, Biology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Aspects 125Fatih Anfasa, Leonard Nainggolan, and Byron E. E. Martina8 Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus in Humans 145Rianna Vandergaast, Katherine L. Hussmann, and Brenda L. Fredericksen9 Overview on Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis 177Sunit Kumar Singh10 Nipah Virus Infections in Humans 189Kaw Bing Chua, Chong Tin Tan, and Kum Thong Wong11 Pathogenesis of Hendra Virus in Humans 207Chad E. Mire, Benjamin A. Satterfield, and Thomas W. Geisbert12 Pathogenesis of Rotavirus in Humans 227Carlos Fernando Narvaez, Martha C. Mesa, Alfonso Barreto, Luz-Stella Rodr´ıguez, and Juana Angel13 Pathogenesis of Papillomaviruses in Humans 243John Doorbar14 Kaposi’s Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Pathogenesis 265Lia R. Walker, Anshul V. Subramanya, Zeal T. Akula, and Shaw M. Akula15 Microsporidiosis in Humans 281Henry Shikani, Elizabeth S. Didier, and Louis M. Weiss16 Pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii in Humans 303Hong-Juan Peng, Feng Tan, and David S. Lindsay17 Pathogenesis of Human African Trypanosomiasis 319Jennifer Cnops and Stefan Magez18 Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis in Humans 337Steve Oghumu, Gayathri Natarajan, and Abhay R. Satoskar19 Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease in Humans 349Marıa-Jes us Pinazo, Faustino Torrico, and Joaquim Gascon20 Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium in Humans, 371Gabriela Certad, Marwan Osman, and Sadia Benamrouz21 Pathogenesis of Malarial Parasites in Humans 393Caroline Lin Lin Chua, Ricardo Ataıde, Alexandra J. Umbers, and Phillipe Boeuf22 Pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis in Humans 423Marlene Benchimol, Antonio Pereira-Neves, and Wanderley de Souza23 Loa loa Pathogenesis in Humans 441Akue Jean Paul24 Nematode Larva Migrans 453Kumara Singaravelu, Christina M. Coyle, Yuri C. Martins, Louis M. Weiss, Fabiana S. Machado, Herbert B. Tanowitz, and Kevin R. Kazacos25 Pathogenesis of Human Schistosomiasis 481Thien-Linh Le, Susanne H. Sokolow, Olfat Hammam, Chi-Ling Fu, and Michael Hsieh26 Vector-Borne Parasitic Zoonotic Infections in Humans 505Domenico Otranto and Filipe Dantas-Torres27 Pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae in Humans 517Alistair Harrison and Kevin M. Mason28 Campylobacter jejuni: Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models of Colonization and Disease 535Christopher R. Gourley and Michael E. Konkel29 Pathogenesis of Francisella tularensis in Humans 555Monique Barel, Nathalie Grall, and Alain Charbit30 Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis in Humans 567E.D. Williamson31 Pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila in Humans 575Adam J. Vogrin and Elizabeth L. Hartland32 Pathogenesis of Kingella kingae Infections 591Pablo Yagupsky33 Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori in Humans 607Carlo-Federico Zambon, Daniela Basso, Michela Pelloso, Alberto Tessari, and Mario Plebani34 Pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Humans 635Luis Otero Guerra, Jose Antonio Boga, Jonathan Fernandez Suarez, Carlos Fernandez Benıtez, and Fernando Vazquez35 Pertussis or Whooping Cough 649Camille Locht and Nathalie Mielcarek36 Pathogenesis of Human Ehrlichioses 665Tais Berelli Saito and David H. Walker37 Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The Pathogen, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Resistance 683Namraj Goire, David J. Speers, Monica M. Lahra, and David M. Whiley38 Pathogenesis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans 699Andreas Burkovski39 Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus in Humans 711Thea Lu and Frank R. DeLeo40 Pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes in Humans 749Helene Marquis, Douglas A. Drevets, Michael S. Bronze, Sophia Kathariou, Thaddeus G. Golos, and J. Igor Iruretagoyena41 Anthrax Infection 773Kenneth E. Remy, Caitlin Hicks, and Peter Q. Eichacker42 Pathogenesis of Streptococcus in Humans 795Roberta Creti, Giovanni Gherardi, Alberto Berardi, and Lucilla Baldassarri43 Pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum in Humans 821Sabine Pellett44 Mycobacterium ulcerans and Buruli Ulcer 841Mark Eric Benbow, Belinda Hall, Lydia Mosi, Sophie Roberts, Rachel Simmonds, and Heather Williamson Jordan45 Challenges Associated with Diagnostics, Drug Resistance, and Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 863Juan Carlos Palomino and Anandi Martin46 Pathogenesis of Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection in Humans 877Wiwit Tantibhedhyabgkul and Jean-Louis Mege47 Lyme Borreliosis 887John J. Halperin48 NDM-Type Carbapenemases in Gram-Negative Rods 897Laurent Dortet, Laurent Poirel, and Patrice Nordmann49 Pathogenesis of Cryptococcosis in Humans 915Ricardo Negroni and Alicia I. Arechavala50 Candida albicans: Clinical Relevance, Pathogenesis, and Host Immunity 929Alexandra Correia, Paula Sampaio, Manuel Vilanova, and Celia Pais51 Pathogenesis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia 953Taylor Eddens, Aniket Kaloti, and Jay K. Kolls52 Pathogenesis of Aspergillosis in Humans 967George Dimopoulos, Dimitrios K. Matthaiou, Nikolaos Moussas, Olympia Apostolopoulou, George Arabatzis, Aristea Velegraki, and Garyphalia PoulakouIndex i1

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THE EDITOR Sunit K. Singh, Ph.D is an Associate Professor (Molecular Immunology) in the Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xviiAcknowledgments xixAbout the Editor xxi1 Pathogenesis of the Old World Arenaviruses in Humans 1Igor S. Lukashevich2 Pathogenesis of New World Arenaviruses in Humans 29Veronica Martın, Stefan Kunz, Esteban Domingo, and Noemı Sevilla3 Pathogenesis of Emerging and Novel Bunyaviruses in Humans 43Cong Jin and Dexin Li4 Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever in Humans 73Inaia Phoenix and Tetsuro Ikegami5 Pathogenesis of Hantavirus Infections 95Tarja Sironen, Olli Vapalahti, and Alexander Plyusnin6 Molecular Pathogenesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection 113Sunit Kumar Singh7 Dengue Virus Infection in Humans: Epidemiology, Biology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Aspects 125Fatih Anfasa, Leonard Nainggolan, and Byron E. E. Martina8 Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus in Humans 145Rianna Vandergaast, Katherine L. Hussmann, and Brenda L. Fredericksen9 Overview on Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis 177Sunit Kumar Singh10 Nipah Virus Infections in Humans 189Kaw Bing Chua, Chong Tin Tan, and Kum Thong Wong11 Pathogenesis of Hendra Virus in Humans 207Chad E. Mire, Benjamin A. Satterfield, and Thomas W. Geisbert12 Pathogenesis of Rotavirus in Humans 227Carlos Fernando Narvaez, Martha C. Mesa, Alfonso Barreto, Luz-Stella Rodr´ıguez, and Juana Angel13 Pathogenesis of Papillomaviruses in Humans 243John Doorbar14 Kaposi’s Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Pathogenesis 265Lia R. Walker, Anshul V. Subramanya, Zeal T. Akula, and Shaw M. Akula15 Microsporidiosis in Humans 281Henry Shikani, Elizabeth S. Didier, and Louis M. Weiss16 Pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii in Humans 303Hong-Juan Peng, Feng Tan, and David S. Lindsay17 Pathogenesis of Human African Trypanosomiasis 319Jennifer Cnops and Stefan Magez18 Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis in Humans 337Steve Oghumu, Gayathri Natarajan, and Abhay R. Satoskar19 Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease in Humans 349Marıa-Jes us Pinazo, Faustino Torrico, and Joaquim Gascon20 Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium in Humans, 371Gabriela Certad, Marwan Osman, and Sadia Benamrouz21 Pathogenesis of Malarial Parasites in Humans 393Caroline Lin Lin Chua, Ricardo Ataıde, Alexandra J. Umbers, and Phillipe Boeuf22 Pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis in Humans 423Marlene Benchimol, Antonio Pereira-Neves, and Wanderley de Souza23 Loa loa Pathogenesis in Humans 441Akue Jean Paul24 Nematode Larva Migrans 453Kumara Singaravelu, Christina M. Coyle, Yuri C. Martins, Louis M. Weiss, Fabiana S. Machado, Herbert B. Tanowitz, and Kevin R. Kazacos25 Pathogenesis of Human Schistosomiasis 481Thien-Linh Le, Susanne H. Sokolow, Olfat Hammam, Chi-Ling Fu, and Michael Hsieh26 Vector-Borne Parasitic Zoonotic Infections in Humans 505Domenico Otranto and Filipe Dantas-Torres27 Pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae in Humans 517Alistair Harrison and Kevin M. Mason28 Campylobacter jejuni: Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models of Colonization and Disease 535Christopher R. Gourley and Michael E. Konkel29 Pathogenesis of Francisella tularensis in Humans 555Monique Barel, Nathalie Grall, and Alain Charbit30 Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis in Humans 567E.D. Williamson31 Pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila in Humans 575Adam J. Vogrin and Elizabeth L. Hartland32 Pathogenesis of Kingella kingae Infections 591Pablo Yagupsky33 Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori in Humans 607Carlo-Federico Zambon, Daniela Basso, Michela Pelloso, Alberto Tessari, and Mario Plebani34 Pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Humans 635Luis Otero Guerra, Jose Antonio Boga, Jonathan Fernandez Suarez, Carlos Fernandez Benıtez, and Fernando Vazquez35 Pertussis or Whooping Cough 649Camille Locht and Nathalie Mielcarek36 Pathogenesis of Human Ehrlichioses 665Tais Berelli Saito and David H. Walker37 Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The Pathogen, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Resistance 683Namraj Goire, David J. Speers, Monica M. Lahra, and David M. Whiley38 Pathogenesis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans 699Andreas Burkovski39 Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus in Humans 711Thea Lu and Frank R. DeLeo40 Pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes in Humans 749Helene Marquis, Douglas A. Drevets, Michael S. Bronze, Sophia Kathariou, Thaddeus G. Golos, and J. Igor Iruretagoyena41 Anthrax Infection 773Kenneth E. Remy, Caitlin Hicks, and Peter Q. Eichacker42 Pathogenesis of Streptococcus in Humans 795Roberta Creti, Giovanni Gherardi, Alberto Berardi, and Lucilla Baldassarri43 Pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum in Humans 821Sabine Pellett44 Mycobacterium ulcerans and Buruli Ulcer 841Mark Eric Benbow, Belinda Hall, Lydia Mosi, Sophie Roberts, Rachel Simmonds, and Heather Williamson Jordan45 Challenges Associated with Diagnostics, Drug Resistance, and Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 863Juan Carlos Palomino and Anandi Martin46 Pathogenesis of Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection in Humans 877Wiwit Tantibhedhyabgkul and Jean-Louis Mege47 Lyme Borreliosis 887John J. Halperin48 NDM-Type Carbapenemases in Gram-Negative Rods 897Laurent Dortet, Laurent Poirel, and Patrice Nordmann49 Pathogenesis of Cryptococcosis in Humans 915Ricardo Negroni and Alicia I. Arechavala50 Candida albicans: Clinical Relevance, Pathogenesis, and Host Immunity 929Alexandra Correia, Paula Sampaio, Manuel Vilanova, and Celia Pais51 Pathogenesis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia 953Taylor Eddens, Aniket Kaloti, and Jay K. Kolls52 Pathogenesis of Aspergillosis in Humans 967George Dimopoulos, Dimitrios K. Matthaiou, Nikolaos Moussas, Olympia Apostolopoulou, George Arabatzis, Aristea Velegraki, and Garyphalia PoulakouIndex i1

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