About the Editor Dr. Sunit K. Singh is Professor of Molecular Immunology and Head of the Molecular Biology Unit at the Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India.

• About the Editor xvContributors xviiPreface xxi1 Mucosal Immunity in Sexually Transmitted Infections 1Jiri Mestecky and Michael W. Russell1.1 Introduction 11.2 Innate Immunity in the Genital Tract 21.3 Immunoglobulins in Secretions of the Genital Tract 41.4 Cells of the Mucosal Immune System of the Genital Tract 101.5 Induction of Immune Responses in the Genital Tract 121.6 Concluding2 The Role of Circumcision in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections 27Kourosh Afshar, Behnam Kazemi, and Andrew E. MacNeily2.1 Introduction 272.2 Biological Mechanisms 272.3 Methods of Circumcision 282.4 Complications 282.5 Role of MC in Transmission of HIV 292.6 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 302.7 Nonulcerative STIs 312.8 Ulcerative STIs/Genital Ulcer Disease (GUD) 322.9 Use of Male Circumcision as a Public Health Measure 342.10 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 353 Effect of Probiotics on Reproductive Health 41Piotr Kochan, Magdalena Strus, and Piotr B. Heczko3.1 Introduction 413.2 Definition of Probiotics 433.3 Vaginal Microflora (Microbiota) 463.4 Applications of Probiotics in Vaginal and Reproductive Health 493.5 Conclusions 534 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection 61Santosh Kumar Singh and Sunit K. Singh4.1 Introduction 614.2 HIV Structure/Genome 624.3 Routes of Transmission 644.4 Host Factors Influencing HIV Infectivity in Sexual Transmission 694.5 Viral Factors Influencing HIV Infectivity in Sexual Transmission 704.6 Mechanism of Pathogenesis 714.7 Diagnosis of HIV Infections 724.8 Therapeutics 734.9 Conclusion 745 Genital Herpes 83Andreas Sauerbrei5.1 Introduction 835.2 Pathogen 835.3 Epidemiology 845.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 845.5 Clinical Features 865.6 Diagnosis 875.7 Treatment 905.8 Prevention and Control 935.9 Conclusion 946 Molluscum Contagiosum 101Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak and Ayse Serap Karadag6.1 Introduction 1016.2 Epidemiology 1016.3 Molecular Pathogenesis 1026.4 Diagnosis 1036.5 Clinical Features 1066.6 Mode of Spread of Infections 1076.7 Treatment 1076.8 Conclusion 1137 Genital Warts 119Filip Rob7.1 Introduction 1197.2 Human Papillomavirus 1197.3 Epidemiology 1217.4 Risk and Protective Factors 1217.5 Clinical Features 1227.6 Diagnostics 1247.7 Differential Diagnosis 1257.8 Treatment 1267.9 Specific Groups 1297.10 HPV Vaccination 1308 Chlamydia Trachomatis Urogenital Infections: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentations, and Pathogenesis 135Charles W. Armitage, Alison J. Carey, Danica K. Hickey, and Kenneth W. Beagley8.1 Introduction 1358.2 Epidemiology 1358.3 Chlamydial Biology 1368.4 Clinical Features 1388.5 Pathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections 1458.6 Diagnosis and Treatment 1508.7 Prevention and Control 1518.8 Conclusion 1529 Donovanosis 167Sarita Martins De Carvalho Bezerra, Marcio Martins Lobo Jardim, and Juliana Uchiyama9.1 Introduction 1679.2 Epidemiology 1689.3 Pathology 1689.4 Incubation Period 1699.5 Clinical Pictures 1709.6 Sites of Involvement 1749.7 Complications and Sequelae 1759.8 Diagnosis 1759.9 Differential Diagnosis 1769.10 Treatment 1769.11 Prevention and Control 1779.12 Disease Control and Prevention 17810 Gonorrhea 181 María Teresa Pérez]Gracia and Beatriz Suay]García10.1 Introduction 18110.2 Pathogen 18210.3 Pathogenesis and Immunity 18510.4 Epidemiology 18610.5 Clinical Features 18810.6 Diagnosis 18910.7 Treatment 19810.8 Prevention and Control 20010.9 Conclusion 20211 Sexually Transmitted Treponematoses 211Lenka Mikalová and David Šmajs11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Genetics of TPA and TEN Strains 21211.3 Virulence Factors of Syphilis and Bejel 21411.4 Diagnostics of Syphilis and Bejel 21511.5 Treatment of Syphilis and Bejel 21711.6 Molecular Typing of Syphilis and Bejel Treponemes 22011.7 Vaccine Development for Syphilis and Bejel 22212 Genital Mycoplasmas 233Suncanica Ljubin]Sternak12.1 Introduction 23312.2 Biology 23412.3 Pathogenesis 23512.4 Epidemiology 23712.5 Clinical Presentation 23812.6 Laboratory Diagnosis 24312.7 Treatment 24712.8 Prevention and Control 24813 Bacterial Vaginosis 257Aliona Rosca and Nuno Cerca13.1 Introduction 25713.2 Implication of G. vaginalis in Bacterial Vaginosis 25813.3 Epidemiology and Risk Factors 26013.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 26113.5 Clinical Features 26313.6 Diagnosis 26313.7 Treatment 26613.8 Conclusions 26814 Chancroid 277Margaret E. Bauer and Diane M. Janowicz14.1 Introduction 27714.2 Epidemiology of Chancroid and H. ducreyi 27714.3 Clinical Features 27814.4 The Pathogen 27914.5 Pathogenesis and Immunity 28014.6 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 28414.7 Chronic Limb Ulcers Caused by H. ducreyi 28514.8 Conclusions 28615 Vulvovaginal Candidosis 293Gilbert G.G. Donders, Katerina S. Ruban, Gert Bellen, and Sivtrigaile Grinceviciene15.1 Introduction 29315.2 Etiology 29315.3 Epidemiology 29415.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 30015.5 Symptoms and Signs 30515.6 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis 30615.7 Treatment 31116 Tinea Cruris 329Anuradha Bishnoi and Rahul Mahajan16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Etiology and Epidemiology 33016.3 Tinea Cruris as a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) 33116.4 Transmission 33116.5 Pathogenesis 33216.6 Differential Diagnoses 33616.7 Laboratory Diagnosis 33616.8 Treatment of Tinea Cruris and Genitalis 33716.9 Conclusion 338Acknowledgments 33917 Trichomonas Vaginalis 341Barbara Van Der Pol17.1 Introduction 34117.2 Epidemiology of T. vaginalis 34217.3 HIV and Trichomonas 34417.4 Biology and Pathogenesis of T. vaginalis 34517.5 Clinical Features of T. vaginalis Infection 34617.6 Diagnosis of T. vaginalis 34817.7 Treatment of T. vaginalis 35017.8 Conclusion 35118 Scabies 357Giuseppe Micali, Giorgia Giuffrida, and Francesco Lacarrubba18.1 Introduction 35718.2 Epidemiology 35718.3 Etiopathogenesis 35818.4 Clinical Features 35918.5 Diagnosis 36318.6 Treatment 36618.7 Prevention and Control 36818.8 Conclusion 368References 368Index 373

About the Editor Dr. Sunit K. Singh is Professor of Molecular Immunology and Head of the Molecular Biology Unit at the Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India.

• About the Editor xvContributors xviiPreface xxi1 Mucosal Immunity in Sexually Transmitted Infections 1Jiri Mestecky and Michael W. Russell1.1 Introduction 11.2 Innate Immunity in the Genital Tract 21.3 Immunoglobulins in Secretions of the Genital Tract 41.4 Cells of the Mucosal Immune System of the Genital Tract 101.5 Induction of Immune Responses in the Genital Tract 121.6 Concluding2 The Role of Circumcision in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections 27Kourosh Afshar, Behnam Kazemi, and Andrew E. MacNeily2.1 Introduction 272.2 Biological Mechanisms 272.3 Methods of Circumcision 282.4 Complications 282.5 Role of MC in Transmission of HIV 292.6 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 302.7 Nonulcerative STIs 312.8 Ulcerative STIs/Genital Ulcer Disease (GUD) 322.9 Use of Male Circumcision as a Public Health Measure 342.10 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 353 Effect of Probiotics on Reproductive Health 41Piotr Kochan, Magdalena Strus, and Piotr B. Heczko3.1 Introduction 413.2 Definition of Probiotics 433.3 Vaginal Microflora (Microbiota) 463.4 Applications of Probiotics in Vaginal and Reproductive Health 493.5 Conclusions 534 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection 61Santosh Kumar Singh and Sunit K. Singh4.1 Introduction 614.2 HIV Structure/Genome 624.3 Routes of Transmission 644.4 Host Factors Influencing HIV Infectivity in Sexual Transmission 694.5 Viral Factors Influencing HIV Infectivity in Sexual Transmission 704.6 Mechanism of Pathogenesis 714.7 Diagnosis of HIV Infections 724.8 Therapeutics 734.9 Conclusion 745 Genital Herpes 83Andreas Sauerbrei5.1 Introduction 835.2 Pathogen 835.3 Epidemiology 845.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 845.5 Clinical Features 865.6 Diagnosis 875.7 Treatment 905.8 Prevention and Control 935.9 Conclusion 946 Molluscum Contagiosum 101Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak and Ayse Serap Karadag6.1 Introduction 1016.2 Epidemiology 1016.3 Molecular Pathogenesis 1026.4 Diagnosis 1036.5 Clinical Features 1066.6 Mode of Spread of Infections 1076.7 Treatment 1076.8 Conclusion 1137 Genital Warts 119Filip Rob7.1 Introduction 1197.2 Human Papillomavirus 1197.3 Epidemiology 1217.4 Risk and Protective Factors 1217.5 Clinical Features 1227.6 Diagnostics 1247.7 Differential Diagnosis 1257.8 Treatment 1267.9 Specific Groups 1297.10 HPV Vaccination 1308 Chlamydia Trachomatis Urogenital Infections: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentations, and Pathogenesis 135Charles W. Armitage, Alison J. Carey, Danica K. Hickey, and Kenneth W. Beagley8.1 Introduction 1358.2 Epidemiology 1358.3 Chlamydial Biology 1368.4 Clinical Features 1388.5 Pathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections 1458.6 Diagnosis and Treatment 1508.7 Prevention and Control 1518.8 Conclusion 1529 Donovanosis 167Sarita Martins De Carvalho Bezerra, Marcio Martins Lobo Jardim, and Juliana Uchiyama9.1 Introduction 1679.2 Epidemiology 1689.3 Pathology 1689.4 Incubation Period 1699.5 Clinical Pictures 1709.6 Sites of Involvement 1749.7 Complications and Sequelae 1759.8 Diagnosis 1759.9 Differential Diagnosis 1769.10 Treatment 1769.11 Prevention and Control 1779.12 Disease Control and Prevention 17810 Gonorrhea 181 María Teresa Pérez]Gracia and Beatriz Suay]García10.1 Introduction 18110.2 Pathogen 18210.3 Pathogenesis and Immunity 18510.4 Epidemiology 18610.5 Clinical Features 18810.6 Diagnosis 18910.7 Treatment 19810.8 Prevention and Control 20010.9 Conclusion 20211 Sexually Transmitted Treponematoses 211Lenka Mikalová and David Šmajs11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Genetics of TPA and TEN Strains 21211.3 Virulence Factors of Syphilis and Bejel 21411.4 Diagnostics of Syphilis and Bejel 21511.5 Treatment of Syphilis and Bejel 21711.6 Molecular Typing of Syphilis and Bejel Treponemes 22011.7 Vaccine Development for Syphilis and Bejel 22212 Genital Mycoplasmas 233Suncanica Ljubin]Sternak12.1 Introduction 23312.2 Biology 23412.3 Pathogenesis 23512.4 Epidemiology 23712.5 Clinical Presentation 23812.6 Laboratory Diagnosis 24312.7 Treatment 24712.8 Prevention and Control 24813 Bacterial Vaginosis 257Aliona Rosca and Nuno Cerca13.1 Introduction 25713.2 Implication of G. vaginalis in Bacterial Vaginosis 25813.3 Epidemiology and Risk Factors 26013.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 26113.5 Clinical Features 26313.6 Diagnosis 26313.7 Treatment 26613.8 Conclusions 26814 Chancroid 277Margaret E. Bauer and Diane M. Janowicz14.1 Introduction 27714.2 Epidemiology of Chancroid and H. ducreyi 27714.3 Clinical Features 27814.4 The Pathogen 27914.5 Pathogenesis and Immunity 28014.6 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 28414.7 Chronic Limb Ulcers Caused by H. ducreyi 28514.8 Conclusions 28615 Vulvovaginal Candidosis 293Gilbert G.G. Donders, Katerina S. Ruban, Gert Bellen, and Sivtrigaile Grinceviciene15.1 Introduction 29315.2 Etiology 29315.3 Epidemiology 29415.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 30015.5 Symptoms and Signs 30515.6 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis 30615.7 Treatment 31116 Tinea Cruris 329Anuradha Bishnoi and Rahul Mahajan16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Etiology and Epidemiology 33016.3 Tinea Cruris as a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) 33116.4 Transmission 33116.5 Pathogenesis 33216.6 Differential Diagnoses 33616.7 Laboratory Diagnosis 33616.8 Treatment of Tinea Cruris and Genitalis 33716.9 Conclusion 338Acknowledgments 33917 Trichomonas Vaginalis 341Barbara Van Der Pol17.1 Introduction 34117.2 Epidemiology of T. vaginalis 34217.3 HIV and Trichomonas 34417.4 Biology and Pathogenesis of T. vaginalis 34517.5 Clinical Features of T. vaginalis Infection 34617.6 Diagnosis of T. vaginalis 34817.7 Treatment of T. vaginalis 35017.8 Conclusion 35118 Scabies 357Giuseppe Micali, Giorgia Giuffrida, and Francesco Lacarrubba18.1 Introduction 35718.2 Epidemiology 35718.3 Etiopathogenesis 35818.4 Clinical Features 35918.5 Diagnosis 36318.6 Treatment 36618.7 Prevention and Control 36818.8 Conclusion 368References 368Index 373

About the Editor Dr. Sunit K. Singh is Professor of Molecular Immunology and Head of the Molecular Biology Unit at the Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India.

• About the Editor xvContributors xviiPreface xxi1 Mucosal Immunity in Sexually Transmitted Infections 1Jiri Mestecky and Michael W. Russell1.1 Introduction 11.2 Innate Immunity in the Genital Tract 21.3 Immunoglobulins in Secretions of the Genital Tract 41.4 Cells of the Mucosal Immune System of the Genital Tract 101.5 Induction of Immune Responses in the Genital Tract 121.6 Concluding2 The Role of Circumcision in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections 27Kourosh Afshar, Behnam Kazemi, and Andrew E. MacNeily2.1 Introduction 272.2 Biological Mechanisms 272.3 Methods of Circumcision 282.4 Complications 282.5 Role of MC in Transmission of HIV 292.6 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 302.7 Nonulcerative STIs 312.8 Ulcerative STIs/Genital Ulcer Disease (GUD) 322.9 Use of Male Circumcision as a Public Health Measure 342.10 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 353 Effect of Probiotics on Reproductive Health 41Piotr Kochan, Magdalena Strus, and Piotr B. Heczko3.1 Introduction 413.2 Definition of Probiotics 433.3 Vaginal Microflora (Microbiota) 463.4 Applications of Probiotics in Vaginal and Reproductive Health 493.5 Conclusions 534 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection 61Santosh Kumar Singh and Sunit K. Singh4.1 Introduction 614.2 HIV Structure/Genome 624.3 Routes of Transmission 644.4 Host Factors Influencing HIV Infectivity in Sexual Transmission 694.5 Viral Factors Influencing HIV Infectivity in Sexual Transmission 704.6 Mechanism of Pathogenesis 714.7 Diagnosis of HIV Infections 724.8 Therapeutics 734.9 Conclusion 745 Genital Herpes 83Andreas Sauerbrei5.1 Introduction 835.2 Pathogen 835.3 Epidemiology 845.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 845.5 Clinical Features 865.6 Diagnosis 875.7 Treatment 905.8 Prevention and Control 935.9 Conclusion 946 Molluscum Contagiosum 101Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak and Ayse Serap Karadag6.1 Introduction 1016.2 Epidemiology 1016.3 Molecular Pathogenesis 1026.4 Diagnosis 1036.5 Clinical Features 1066.6 Mode of Spread of Infections 1076.7 Treatment 1076.8 Conclusion 1137 Genital Warts 119Filip Rob7.1 Introduction 1197.2 Human Papillomavirus 1197.3 Epidemiology 1217.4 Risk and Protective Factors 1217.5 Clinical Features 1227.6 Diagnostics 1247.7 Differential Diagnosis 1257.8 Treatment 1267.9 Specific Groups 1297.10 HPV Vaccination 1308 Chlamydia Trachomatis Urogenital Infections: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentations, and Pathogenesis 135Charles W. Armitage, Alison J. Carey, Danica K. Hickey, and Kenneth W. Beagley8.1 Introduction 1358.2 Epidemiology 1358.3 Chlamydial Biology 1368.4 Clinical Features 1388.5 Pathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections 1458.6 Diagnosis and Treatment 1508.7 Prevention and Control 1518.8 Conclusion 1529 Donovanosis 167Sarita Martins De Carvalho Bezerra, Marcio Martins Lobo Jardim, and Juliana Uchiyama9.1 Introduction 1679.2 Epidemiology 1689.3 Pathology 1689.4 Incubation Period 1699.5 Clinical Pictures 1709.6 Sites of Involvement 1749.7 Complications and Sequelae 1759.8 Diagnosis 1759.9 Differential Diagnosis 1769.10 Treatment 1769.11 Prevention and Control 1779.12 Disease Control and Prevention 17810 Gonorrhea 181 María Teresa Pérez]Gracia and Beatriz Suay]García10.1 Introduction 18110.2 Pathogen 18210.3 Pathogenesis and Immunity 18510.4 Epidemiology 18610.5 Clinical Features 18810.6 Diagnosis 18910.7 Treatment 19810.8 Prevention and Control 20010.9 Conclusion 20211 Sexually Transmitted Treponematoses 211Lenka Mikalová and David Šmajs11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Genetics of TPA and TEN Strains 21211.3 Virulence Factors of Syphilis and Bejel 21411.4 Diagnostics of Syphilis and Bejel 21511.5 Treatment of Syphilis and Bejel 21711.6 Molecular Typing of Syphilis and Bejel Treponemes 22011.7 Vaccine Development for Syphilis and Bejel 22212 Genital Mycoplasmas 233Suncanica Ljubin]Sternak12.1 Introduction 23312.2 Biology 23412.3 Pathogenesis 23512.4 Epidemiology 23712.5 Clinical Presentation 23812.6 Laboratory Diagnosis 24312.7 Treatment 24712.8 Prevention and Control 24813 Bacterial Vaginosis 257Aliona Rosca and Nuno Cerca13.1 Introduction 25713.2 Implication of G. vaginalis in Bacterial Vaginosis 25813.3 Epidemiology and Risk Factors 26013.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 26113.5 Clinical Features 26313.6 Diagnosis 26313.7 Treatment 26613.8 Conclusions 26814 Chancroid 277Margaret E. Bauer and Diane M. Janowicz14.1 Introduction 27714.2 Epidemiology of Chancroid and H. ducreyi 27714.3 Clinical Features 27814.4 The Pathogen 27914.5 Pathogenesis and Immunity 28014.6 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 28414.7 Chronic Limb Ulcers Caused by H. ducreyi 28514.8 Conclusions 28615 Vulvovaginal Candidosis 293Gilbert G.G. Donders, Katerina S. Ruban, Gert Bellen, and Sivtrigaile Grinceviciene15.1 Introduction 29315.2 Etiology 29315.3 Epidemiology 29415.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 30015.5 Symptoms and Signs 30515.6 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis 30615.7 Treatment 31116 Tinea Cruris 329Anuradha Bishnoi and Rahul Mahajan16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Etiology and Epidemiology 33016.3 Tinea Cruris as a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) 33116.4 Transmission 33116.5 Pathogenesis 33216.6 Differential Diagnoses 33616.7 Laboratory Diagnosis 33616.8 Treatment of Tinea Cruris and Genitalis 33716.9 Conclusion 338Acknowledgments 33917 Trichomonas Vaginalis 341Barbara Van Der Pol17.1 Introduction 34117.2 Epidemiology of T. vaginalis 34217.3 HIV and Trichomonas 34417.4 Biology and Pathogenesis of T. vaginalis 34517.5 Clinical Features of T. vaginalis Infection 34617.6 Diagnosis of T. vaginalis 34817.7 Treatment of T. vaginalis 35017.8 Conclusion 35118 Scabies 357Giuseppe Micali, Giorgia Giuffrida, and Francesco Lacarrubba18.1 Introduction 35718.2 Epidemiology 35718.3 Etiopathogenesis 35818.4 Clinical Features 35918.5 Diagnosis 36318.6 Treatment 36618.7 Prevention and Control 36818.8 Conclusion 368References 368Index 373