Handbook of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research

Andreas Schwarz is Senior Researcher in Risk and Crisis Communication at Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany, and Co-Director of the International Research Group on Crisis Communication. He served as the founding Chair of the Crisis Communication Section of ECREA. Schwarz has led multiple studies on crisis communication, including COVID-19 risk communication, and has consulted for government and nonprofit organizations. Matthew W. Seeger is Distinguished University Professor of Communication and co-director of the Center for Emerging and Infectious Diseases at Wayne State University. A prominent researcher in crisis and risk communication, Seeger has published nine books, including Narratives of Crisis: Telling Stories of Ruin and Renewal and Theorizing Crisis Communication. He has worked extensively with the CDC and WHO on crisis response and communication ethics. Sora Kim is Professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, where she directs the Corporate Communication program and the CSRCom & Sustainability Hub. An expert in CSR and crisis communication, Kim has over 130 publications in leading communication and business journals. Her work explores sustainability, risk, and crisis communication across corporate and societal contexts.

• List of Contributors xPreface and Acknowledgments xivPart I History, Status Quo, and Trends in Global Crisis and Risk Communication Research 11. Global Threats and the Significance of International Risk and Crisis Communication Research: Advancing Integration, Diversity, and Complexity 3Andreas Schwarz2. History of Crisis and Risk Communication: The Development of a Global Community of Multi- Disciplinary Research, Theory and Practice 15Matthew W. Seeger3. Beyond Borders and Bridging Worlds: Unveiling Cultural Dynamics in International Risk and Crisis Communication 28Sora KimPart II Strategic and Institutional Communicators in International Crises and Risks 414. Military, Government, and Media Management in Wartime 43Kathrin Schleicher5. Crisis Communication in the Context of Terrorism: Process Approach to Complex Crises 55Aino Ruggiero and Minttu Tikka6. Paradigms of Risk and Crisis Communication and the Threat of Misinformation and Disinformation 70Michael J. Palenchar and Robert L. Heath7. Strategic Communication in Global Health Crises: Are (Trans) National Institutions Up to the Task? 80Martin Löffelholz and Yi Xu8. International Organizational Crisis Communication: A Simple Rules Approach to Managing Crisis Complexity 94Andrew S. Pyle, Ryan P. Fuller, and Robert R. Ulmer9. Political Crises 108Bengt Johansson and Orla VigsøPart III The Role of Legacy Media and Social Media in International Crises and Risks 11910. War Reporting in an Evolving Media Landscape: Perspectives and Prospects 121Aynur Sarısakaloğlu and Pauline Gidget Estella11. Terrorism, Lone Wolf Shootings, School Shootings, and the Role of (Social) Media 135Liane Rothenberger and Melanie Verhovnik- Heinze12. Environmental Risk Communication: The Challenges to Progressively Affecting Behavior 144Michael J. Palenchar and Carla White13. Missed Risk and Crisis Communication Opportunities During the COVID- 19 Pandemic 155Brooke Fisher Liu and Cynthia Baur14. The Role of Legacy Media and Social Media in International Organizational Risk and Crisis Communication 168Yan Jin and Toni G.L.A. van der Meer15. Political Crisis Communication and the Rhetorical Arena: An Analysis of President Zelensky’s War Addresses and Social Media Use 180Elin Strand Larsen and Øyvind IhlenPart IV The Role of Audiences, Citizens, and Victims in International Crises and Risks 19316. War, Media, and Public Opinion: A Battle for Hearts and Minds 195Michel M. Haigh17. Communicating Terrorism: Meaning-Making and Crisis 205Ruth DeFoster18. Reoccurring Challenges and Emerging Threats: Crises and the New Millennium 216Patric R. Spence and Kenneth A. Lachlan19. The Role of Audiences, Citizens, and Victims in International Crises: Addressing Public Health Crises and Pandemics 228Annemarie Wiedicke and Constanze Rossmann20. Domestic and International Audiences of Organizational Risk and Crisis Communication: State of the Art and Cross-Cultural Implications 244An-Sofie Claeys and Andreas Schwarz21. Reputational Crisis in Politics 259Sergei A. Samoilenko Part V The State of Crisis and Risk Communication Research Around the Globe 273Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Africa 27522. Crisis Communication in East Africa: The State of Research and Implications for Practice 277Angella Napakol, Aisha Sembatya Nakiwala, and Marjorie Kyomuhendo23. The Role of Customary Crisis Communication Mechanisms in Ethiopia 293Tariku Abas and Zenebe Beyene24. Culture, Ethnicity, and Religion: A Combustible Mix in Crisis Communication in Nigeria 306Amiso M. George and Wole AdamolekunCrisis and Risk Communication Research in Asia 31925. Crisis Communication Research in South Korea 321Soo-Yeon Kim and Sora Kim26. Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Singapore 333Augustine Pang, Jerena Ng, and Jason Shi-yang Lim27. Risk and Crisis Communication Research in China 347Yingru Ji and Chang Wan28. Risk and Crisis Communication Research in India 363Krishnamurthy Sriramesh and Ganga S. Dhanesh29. Risk Communication Research and Practice in Japan 375Mihoko SakuraiCrisis and Risk Communication Research in the Middle East 38730. Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Israel 389Eytan Gilboa, Clila Magen, and Ester Cohen-Rinski31. Risk and Crisis Communication Research: Contextual Characteristics and Perspectives from the GCC Countries 402Ilhem AllaguiCrisis and Risk Communication Research in Europe 41732. Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Germany 419Andreas Schwarz33. Risk and Crisis Communication Research in the Nordic Countries 435Finn Frandsen and Winni Johansen34. Revisiting the Challenges of Crisis Management and Crisis Communication Research in Russia 449Sergei A. Samoilenko and Greg Simons35. Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Romania 463Corina Buzoianu, Monica Bîră, and Alina Bârgaŏanu36. Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Eastern Europe 477Katerina Tsetsura, Marta N. Lukacovic, and Iuliia DolmatovaCrisis and Risk Communication Research in the Americas 49337. Risk and Crisis Communication Research in North America 495Shari R. Veil38. Risk and Crisis Communication in Latin America 506Jesús Arroyave and Ana María Erazo-Coronado39. Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Brazil 517Rodrigo Soares, Rozália Del Gáudio Soares, and Paulo Henrique Soares40. Crisis, Risk, and Media Cases in Argentina 528Damián Fernández PedemonteCrisis and Risk Communication Research in Australia and Oceania 53941. Risk and Crisis Communication in Australia and New Zealand 541Christopher Galloway and Theodore E. ZornPart VI Emerging Topics, Challenges, Theory, and Methods 553Conceptual and Theoretical Developments and Challenges in Crisis and Risk Communication 55542. International Crises as Wicked Problems and Mega-crises: Opportunities for Building Crisis Communication Theory on an International Level 557Rodrigo Soares and Timothy L. Sellnow43. Instructional Communication Theories, Models, and Constructs in Risk/Mega-Risk and Crisis/Mega- Crisis 566Deanna D. Sellnow44. Risk- based Approaches to Crisis Management and Communication 580Frederic BouderMethodological Developments and Challenges in Crisis and Risk Communication Research 59545. Aligning the Field: Embracing the Interdisciplinary, Conceptually Divergent, and Methodological Diverse Reality of Good Research in Risk and Crisis Communication 597Audra Diers-Lawson46. Opportunities and Pitfalls of Computational Communication Science for International Risk and Crisis Communication Research 615Daniel Vogler47. Methodological Challenges of International Crisis Communication Research 626W. Timothy CoombsTechnologies and Practices in International Crisis and Risk Communication 63748. Technologies in Crisis Communication: Tools, Systems, and Infrastructures 639Rob Grace49. Preparing for International and Cross- Cultural Crises: The Challenges of Research in Action, Competing Voices, Inclusivity, and the Interplay of Responsibility in Global Organizations 656Ben Duncan and Audra Diers-LawsonSumming Up & Looking Ahead: The Future of International Risk & Crisis Communication Research 67550. The Expanding and Dynamic Field of Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication: Summary, Implications, and Outlook 677Andreas Schwarz, Matthew W. Seeger, and Sora KimIndex 690