Handbook of European Communication History

Klaus Arnold (1968–2017) was Professor of Communication and Media Studies, Trier University, Trier, Germany.Paschal Preston is Professor Emeritus, School of Communication, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.Susanne Kinnebrock is Professor of Communication with focus on Public Communication, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.

• List of Contributors ixAuthor Biographies xiiiPreface xxvIntroduction: European Communication History: A Challenging if Timely Project 1Paschal Preston, Klaus Arnold, and Susanne KinnebrockPart I Emergence of modern mediated communication institutions and practices1. Struggles over "Press Freedom" and "Public Spheres": Competing Conceptualizations, Values, Norms 23Jürgen Wilke, Jaume Guillamet, Svennik Høyer, and Nils E. Øy2. The "New" Newspapers: The Popular Press in Britain, Portugal, Russia, and Germany, late‐1800s to Early‐1900s 43Anthony Cawley, Helena Lima, Olga Kruglikova, and Thomas Birkner3. European Film Since the 1890s: A Media Sector in the Shadow of Hollywood 61Roderick Flynn4. Organizing a New Medium: The Emergence of Radio Broadcasting in Europe 79Klaus Arnold, Nelson Ribeiro, Barbara Köpplová, and Jan Cebe5. World War I and the Emergence of Modern Propaganda 97Nelson Ribeiro, Anne Schmidt, Sian Nicholas, Olga Kruglikova, and Koenraad Du Pont6. Modernization, Democratization and Politicization: Mass Media in 1920s Europe 115Jochen Hung, Mark Hampton, Peppino Ortoleva, Joris van Eijnatten, and Lennart Weibull7. Crises, Rise of Fascism and the Establishment of Authoritarian Media Systems 135Patrick Merziger, Gabriele Balbi, Carlos Barrera, and Balázs Sipos8. The Russian Revolution and the Establishment of the Authoritarian Media System 153Olga Kruglikova and Konstantin Alexeev9. International Radio Broadcasting During World War II 173Nelson Ribeiro, Hans‐Ulrich Wagner, and Agnieszka MorrissPart II Media in "a binary Europe": the mid‐1940s to late 1980s10. Media After 1945: Continuities and New Beginnings 189Hans‐Ulrich Wagner, Hugh Chignell, Marie Cronqvist, Christoph Hilgert, and Kristin Skoog11. Media and the Cold War: The East/West Conflict 205Michael Meyen, Kaarle Nordenstreng, Carlos Barrera, and Walery Pisarek12. Authoritarian Media Control in Eastern Europe, Spain, Portugal, and Greece After World War II 221Anke Fiedler, Helena Lima, Emmanuel Heretakis, Balázs Sipos, Juan Antonio García Galindo, and Antonio Cuartero13. The Rise of Television: Institutionalization and the Forming of National Audiences 239Andreas Fickers, Dana Mustata, and Anne‐Katrin Weber14. The Introduction of Commercial Broadcasting to Europe 257Rosa Franquet, Giuseppe Richeri, and Matthew HibberdPART III Media Developments in Europe after the end of the Cold War15. History of the Media in Central and Eastern Europe 277Péter Bajomi‐Lázár, Auksė Balčytienė, Alina Dobreva, and Beata Klimkiewicz16. Media Concentration and the Rise of Multinational Companies 299Juan Pablo Artero, Roderick Flynn, and Damian Guzek17. EU Democratic Deficits: The EU Project and a European Public Sphere 315Katharine Sarikakis and Olga Kolokytha18. The Emergence of the Internet and the End of Journalism? 333Christian Oggolder, Niels Brügger, Monika Metyková, Ramón Salaverría, and Eugenia SiaperaPart IV Historical Themes and Trends in European Media and Public Communication19. Professionalisms and Journalism History: Lessons from European Variations 351Risto Kunelius, Olivier Baisnée, and Sergio Splendore20. The Development of Journalism Education in Europe 367Carlos Barrera and Michael Harnischmacher21. New Media and Audience Behavior 385Susanne Eichner, Yeşim Kaptan, Elizabeth Prommer, and Yulia Yurtaeva‐Martens22. Americanization, or: The Rhetoric of Modernity: How European Journalism Adapted US Norms, Practices and Conventions 403Marcel Broersma23. Gender, Media, and Modernity 421Adrian Bingham, Matilde Eiroa, Susanne Kinnebrock, and Claire McCallum24. Ethnic Minorities and the Media: A Struggle for Voice, Self, and Community? 437Christian Schwarzenegger, Gabriele Falböck, Merja Ellefson, Irati Agirreazkuenaga, Alicia Ferrández Ferrer, Heike Graf, and Marina Yanglyaeva25. Imagined New Spaces of Political Solidarity in the 1880s–1920s: Beyond the National? 453Paschal PrestonAuthor Index 475Subject Index 485

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