Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology Essentials

After qualifying in medicine in 1996 Dr Grant completed basic surgical training at the Queens Medical Centre in Nottingham prior to working for Pfizer Pharmaceuticals for four years until entry back into specialist training within the NHS. Upon completing his radiology training at Addenbrookes Hospital, including a specialist year at the Royal Marsden Hospital, he was appointed as a consultant radiologist at the Royal Free Hospital in 2010. His areas of sub specialisation include hepatobiliary imaging as well as urological imaging. He is a core member of the hepatobiliary and urological MDT lead radiologist for research activities within the radiology department and co-lead radiologist for cancers of the GU system. Dr Nyree Griffin graduated from the University of Bristol Medical School in 1995 as the Gold Medallist in her year. She was awarded a Doctorate of Medicine (MD) in 2006 from the University of Nottingham for research into the role of phoshodiesterase inhibitors in anal sphincter function. Nyree undertook higher specialist training in radiology at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital between 2002 and 2006. She subsequently completed a one-year cross sectional fellowship at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. She was appointed as the lead consultant gastrointestinal radiologist at Guy's and St Thomas' in 2008. Since then she has developed a well-established and high-quality gastrointestinal radiology service.

• CONTENTSPreface xiDedication 1Acknowledgements 11 Chest 1.1 Chest wall and pleura 4Chest wall: bony and soft tissue lesions 4Diseases of the pleura 8Pleural effusion 12Pneumothorax 14Diaphragmatic hernia/eventration 161.2 Mediastinum 18Mediastinitis 18Anterior mediastinal masses 20Middle mediastinal masses 26Posterior mediastinal masses 32Miscellaneous mediastinal masses 34Pericardial conditions 361.3 Pulmonary infection 38Lobar pneumonia 38Bronchopneumonia, anaerobic and atypical pneumonia 40Pulmonary tuberculosis 42Fungal infections 44Metazoal and protozoal diseases 48Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 501.4 Large airway disease 52Tracheal disorders 52Bronchiectasis 56Congenital airway disorders 58Emphysema 60Chronic bronchitis and asthma 62Miscellaneous airway disorders 641.5 Pulmonary lobar collapse 66Mechanisms and radiographic appearances 66Patterns of lobar collapse 681.6 Pulmonary neoplasms 72Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule 72Lung cancer: radiological features 74Lung cancer: pearls 76Lymphoproliferative disorders 78Benign pulmonary tumours 80Miscellaneous pulmonary malignancies 821.7 High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) 84Hrct patterns of diffuse lung disease 84Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias 86Sarcoidosis 90Connective tissue diseases 92Systemic vasculitides 98Drug-Induced lung disease 100Silicosis/coal workers' pneumoconiosis 102Asbestos-related disease 104Miscellaneous interstitial lung diseases 1061.8 Chest trauma 110Chest wall and lung trauma 110Trauma to the diaphragm 112Mediastinal trauma 1141.9 Airspace disease 116Airspace disease 1161.10 Paediatric chest 122Congenital chest abnormalities 122Causes of neonatal respiratory distress 128Normal paediatric chest and problems with mechanical ventilation 1321.11 Miscellaneous itu chest conditions 134Lung transplantation 134Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 136Itu chest imaging 138 2 Cardiovascular System 1432.1 Congenital heart disease (introduction) Introduction 144Cyanotic congenital heart disease 146Acyanotic congenital heart disease 156Anomalies of the aortic arch (vascular rings) 158Septal defects 160Acyanotic heart disease 162Other anomalies 1642.2 Non-ischaemic acquired heart disease 166Acquired mitral valve disease 166Acquired aortic valve disease 168Tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease 170Cardiomyopathies 174Cardiac tumours 178Cardiac trauma 1802.3 Pulmonary circulation and Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and thromboembolism 182 Pulmonary thromboembolic disease 182Pulmonary vascular patterns 1862.4 The aorta 192Aortic rupture 192Aortic dissection 194Aortic aneurysms 198Mid-aortic syndrome and takaysu's disease of theaorta 202Aortic occlusive disease 2042.5 Peripheral vascular disease 210Gastrointestinal vascular disorders 210Carotid artery stenosis 212Peripheral vascular disease of the lowerextremities 214Disorders of the venous system 216Miscellaneous vascular disorders 2182.6 Ischaemic heart disease 220Conventional coronary angiography andechocardiography 220Ct imaging in ischaemic heart disease 222Mr imaging in ischaemic heart disease 224Nuclear cardiac imaging 226Manifestations of atheromatous coronary arterydisease 2303 Gastrointestinal 2363.1 Oesophagus 238Hiatus hernia and reflux 238Oesophagitis and benign strictures 240Benign and malignant oesophageal tumours 242Oesophageal carcinoma 244Oesophageal dysmotility disorders 248Miscellaneous oesophageal conditions 2503.2 Stomach 252Benign gastric ulcers 252Gastritis 254Benign and malignant gastric tumours 258Gastric carcinoma 260Gastric surgery 264Miscellaneous gastric conditions 2663.3 Duodenum 270Peptic ulceration, gastric heterotopia, duodenaldiverticula 270Benign and malignant duodenal tumours 272Miscellaneous duodenal conditions 2743.4 Small bowel 276Crohn's disease (CD) 276Infections/infestations of the small bowel 278Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) andcarcinoid tumours 280Benign and malignant small bowel tumours 282Causes of small bowel obstruction 284Miscellaneous small bowel disorders 2863.5 Colon 292Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon 292Colitis 294Polyps 296Polyposis syndromes 298Colorectal cancer 300Diverticulosis and large bowel strictures 304Large bowel obstruction 306Miscellaneous disorders of the large bowel 3083.6 Liver 312Anatomy and imaging techniques 312Benign diffuse liver disease 314Cirrhosis 316Benign solid liver lesions 318Malignant solid liver lesions 326Hepatic vascular lesions 332Miscellaneous liver conditions 338Liver transplantation and interventionaltechniques 344Diffusion-weighted mr imaging of the liver 346Mr contrast agents and the liver 3483.7 Biliary 350Methods of investigation 350Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis 352Cholecystitis 354Miscellaneous gallbladder conditions 356Benign biliary strictures 358Malignant biliary tumours 360Biliary atresia and hypoplasia 362Miscellaneous bile duct disorders 3643.8 Pancreas 366Congenital abnormalities 366Pancreatitis 368Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 372Cystic pancreatic tumours 374Endocrine and islet cell pancreatic tumours 376Pancreatic trauma, transplant and intervention 3783.9 Spleen 380Miscellaneous splenic conditions 3803.10 Peritoneum, mesentery and omentum 382Benign diseases 382Developmental anomalies of the mesentery 384Infective/inflammatory conditions of themesentery 386Neoplastic peritoneal/omental disorders 388Neoplastic mesenteric disorders 3903.11 Plain abdominal radiograph 392Abnormal gas distribution 3923.12 Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders 394Abdominal wall defects 394Gastrointestinal causes of neonatal vomiting 396Oesophageal atresia (OA) and tracheo-oesophagealfistula (TOF) 398Malrotation 400Delayed passage of meconium 402Abdominal manifestations of cystic fibrosis 404Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) 406Anorectal malformations 408Neuroblastoma (NB) 410Miscellaneous paediatric gastrointestinaldisorders 4124 Genitourinary 4154.1 Kidneys 416Renal parenchymal disease 416Renal tract infection/inflammation 418Renal artery stenosis (RAS) 424Renal vascular abnormalities 426Benign renal masses 430Renal parenchymal malignancies 432Other malignancies 434Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinarytract 436Renal failure 438Renal transplantation: assessment 440Renal transplantation: postoperativecomplications 442Urolithiasis 444Methods of imaging in obstruction 446Dilatation of the urinary tract 448Upper urinary tract trauma 4504.2 Bladder 454Miscellaneous bladder conditions 454Bladder tumours 456Lower urinary tract trauma 4584.3 Prostate 460Prostate: benign disorders 460Carcinoma of the prostate 462Prostate anatomy and imaging 4644.4 Urethra 466Urethra: benign disorders 466Tumours of the urethra 4684.5 Male reproductive system 470Cryptorchidism and testicular torsion 470Primary testicular malignancies 472Miscellaneous scrotal lesions 474Miscellaneous penile conditions 4764.6 Paediatric genitourinary disorders 478Duplex kidney 478Congenital renal anomalies 480Congenital renal cystic disease 484Childhood renal malignancies 488Paediatric pelvic and scrotal malignancies 4925 Musculoskeletal System 4945.1 Skeletal trauma 496Introduction 496Assessment of cervical spine injuries 498Spinal injuries 500Shoulder injuries 506Upper extremity injuries 512Carpal bone injuries 514Wrist and hand injuries 518Pelvic injuries 520Hip injuries 522Avascular necrosis of the hip 526Knee and lower leg fractures 528Knee soft tissue injuries 532Ankle injuries 536Foot injuries 5385.2 Paediatric fractures 540Specific paediatric fractures 540Radiology of non-accidental injury 542Skeletal and brain injuries in non-accidentalinjury 5445.3 Soft tissue imaging 550Localized calcification and ossification 550Generalized soft tissue calcification 552Soft tissue masses 5545.4 General characteristics of bone tumours 558General characteristics of bone tumours 5585.5 Benign bone tumours 560Chondroid origin 560Osteoid origin 564Osteoid origin/tumours of neural tissue 566Cystic lesions 568Giant cell tumour/lipomatous bone lesions 570Fibrous origin 572Vascular origin 574Miscellaneous bone lesions 5765.6 Malignant bone tumours 580Chondroid origin 580Osteosarcoma 582Other varieties of osteosarcoma 584Fibrous origin 586Medullary origin 588Miscellaneous malignant bone tumours 590Bone metastases 5925.7 Metabolic and endocrine skeletal disease 594Osteoporosis 594Vitamin D deficiency 596Endocrine bone disorders 598Metabolic bone disorders 6025.8 Joint disease 610Introduction 610Osteoarthritis 612Haemophilic and neuropathic arthropathies 614Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and dish 616Rheumatoid arthritis 618Seronegative spondyloarthropathy 620Depositional arthropathy 624Polyarthritis associated with other diseases 6305.9 Bone and soft tissue infection 636Acute osteomyelitis 636Chronic osteomyelitis 638Miscellaneous bone and soft tissue infections 6425.10 Congenital skeletal anomalies 646Developmental skeletal anomalies 646Selected osteochondrodysplasias 648Localized disorders of the skeleton 658Haemoglobinopathies 6625.11 Myeloproliferative disorders 666Reticuloendothelial disorders 666White cell disorders 668Plasma cell dyscrasias 6706 Women's Imaging 6756.1 Breast 676Introduction 676Benign mass lesions 678Microcalcifications 682Invasive breast carcinoma 684Contrast-enhanced MRI in breast cancer 6886.2 Gynaecology 690Imaging techniques in gynaecology 690Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract 692Benign uterine conditions 694Endometrial carcinoma 698Carcinoma of the cervix 700Benign ovarian tumours 702Endometriosis, polycystic ovaries and physiologicalovarian cysts 704Ovarian carcinoma 706Miscellaneous gynaecological conditions 7107 Neuroradiology 7147.1 Intracranial tumours 716Imaging techniques and general features 716Classification of intracranial tumours 718Gliomas 720Infratentorial tumours 724Supratentorial tumours 730Extra-axial tumours 732Meningioma and skull base tumours 734Cerebral and meningeal metastases 736Intraventricular tumours 738Pituitary region tumours 740Pineal region tumours 7447.2 Cerebrovascular disease and non-traumatichaemorrhage 746Cerebral ischaemia 746Other patterns of cerebrovascular disease 750Carotid and vertebral artery dissection 754Non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage 756Cerebral artery aneurysms 758Arteriovenous malformations 7607.3 Brain infection, aids and demyelinatingdiseases 762Intracranial infection 762Hiv infection and aids 768Demyelinating and inflammatory disorders 7727.4 Brain trauma, degenerative disorders andepilepsy 776Head injury 776Primary and secondary cerebral injury 778Dementias and epilepsy 780Skull bone disease 782Hydrocephalus 7847.5 Paediatric neuroradiology 786Cerebellar malformations 786Chiari malformations 788Cerebral malformations 790Malformations of neuronal migration and corticalorganization 792Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) 794Neurocutaneous syndromes 796Inborn metabolic brain disorders 798Congenital skull anomalies 800Congenital intracranial infections 802Paediatric meningitis 804Hypoxic-Ischaemic injury in the developing brain 8067.6 The spine 808Spinal dysraphism 808Congenital spinal anomalies 810Skeletal abnormalities 816Vascular spinal lesions 818Spinal tumours 820Spinal infection 830Infective/inflammatory disorders of the spine 832Spinal cord trauma and the postoperative spine 834Degenerative spinal disease 8367.7 The orbit 842The orbit 842Conal and extraconal disorders 846Intraconal disorders 8487.8 Ear, nose and throat radiology 856Selected disorders of the ear 856Nose and paranasal sinuses 858The nasopharynx 860Disorders of the oropharynx, larynx and soft tissues ofthe neck 8627.9 Dental radiology 864Mandibular/maxillary cystic lesions 864Tumours of bone 866Facial trauma 868Salivary glands 870Salivary gland disorders 8728 Endocrine System 8758.1 Thyroid disorders 876Thyroid cancer 876Miscellaneous thyroid disorders 8808.2 Adrenal disorders 882Non-functional adrenal disorders 882Adrenal hyperfunction 8889 Lymphoma 8939 Lymphoma 894Lymphoma 894Lymph node disease in lymphoma 898Cns lymphoma 900Pulmonary lymphoma 902Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract 904Musculoskeletal lymphoma 906Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma 908Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma 910Monitoring the response to therapy in lymphoma 91210 Functional Imaging 91510.1 Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) 91710.2 Functional imaging 91811 Interventional Radiology 92511.1 Interventional vascular radiologytechniques 92611.2 Cross-sectional vascular imaging 93011.3 Specific drainage techniques 93111.4 Principles of tumour ablation 93211.5 Hepatobiliary intervention 93611.6 Genitourinary interventional radiology 94011.7 Woman's imaging - interventionalradiology 944Obstetric haemorrhage 94612 Appendices 94912.1 General pearls 95012.2 Anatomy pearls 95812.3 Pearls in musculoskeletal imaging andpathology 962Pearls in pathology 962Pearls in musculoskeletal imaging 96412.4 Patterns of tumour spread 96812.5 Tnm staging of common cancers 974Index 991