Global History of Architecture

FRANCIS D.K. CHING is Professor Emeritus of Architecture at the University of Washington. He is the author of numerous architecture and design books, including Architectural Graphics; Architecture: Form, Space, and Order; A Visual Dictionary of Architecture; Interior Design Illustrated; and Building Construction Illustrated, all from Wiley. MARK JARZOMBEK is Professor of the History and Theory of Architecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as author of several books. VIKRAMADITYA PRAKASH is Professor of Architecture at the University of Washington and the author of several books and academic publications.

• Preface xi3500 BCE 1Ritual Centers 6Beginnings of China’s Civilizations 8Mehrgarh and Early Indus Settlements 11The Village Networks of Mesopotamia and the Balkans 12Pre- and Early Dynastic Egypt 19European Developments 212500 BCE 25The Indus Ghaggar-Hakra Civilization 30Margiana 33Early Empires of Mesopotamia 34Egypt: The Old Kingdom 38Architecture and Food 45Stonehenge 46Megalithic Temples of Malta 48The First Civilizations of South America 501500 BCE 53The Minoans and Knossos 60Egypt: The New Kingdom 64Hittite Empire 75Mycenaean Civilization 77Poverty Point 80Shang Dynasty, China 81Civilization of the High Andes 84800 BCE 87The Olmecs 90Chavín de Huántar 94The Iron Age 96The Etruscans 97Greece: The Geometric Period 101Kingdom of Kush 105Saba/Sa’abia 106Temple of Solomon 107Zhou Dynasty, China 108The Aryan Invasion and Varanasi 111Neo-Assyrian Empire 113400 BCE 117The Achaemenid Empire 120Greece and the Mediterranean 124The Hellenistic Age 141Mauryan Dynasty and Early Buddhism 148China: The Warring States Period 1500 153The Founding of Rome 158Bibracte 164Augustan Rome 166Post-Augustan Rome 170Rock-Cut Tombs 177Northern Palace at Masada 180Taxila: The Gandharan Cosmopolis 181Qin Dynasty, China 182Development of Mahayana Buddhism 185The Maya 191200 CE 197Roman Empire 202The Parthian Empire 220Aksum 220Amaravati Stupa 222Caitya Hall at Karli223Anuradhapura 224Han Dynasty China 225Teotihuacán 228Moche and Nazca Civilizations 231North Amazon Societies 234Ohio’s Hopewell Mounds 235400 CE 237Ajanta Caves 244Establishment of Chinese and Central Asian Buddhism 247The Sassanian Empire 251Hindu Renaissance 254Mahabodhi Temple 256Sigiriya 257The Pyu, Mon, and Funan 258Emergence of Christianity 259Post-Constantinian Age 264Tomb of Theodoric the Great 265Kofun Period: Japan 266Zapotecs of Oaxaca 268600 CE 271Age of Justinian 278Armenian Architecture 284Vishnu Deogarh and Elephanta 286The Five Rathas 289Southeast Asia 291Sui and T’ang Dynasties 293Nara Period: Japan 297800 CE 303Rise of Islam 312Mahaviharas at Nalanda 319Rajasimhesvara and Virupaksha Temples 320Kailasnath at Ellora 322Samye, Tibet 324Indonesia at a Crossroads 325Hindu Kingdoms of Cambodia 328Korean Buddhism 331Foguang Monastery 332Europe and the Carolingians 334Tikal 338Mayan City-States 341Tiwanaku 344Quirigua 346Guayabo 3461000 CE 347Mayan Uxmal 356Cahokia 358Serpent Mound 359Pueblo Bonito 360Seljuk Turks 362Muqarnas 367The Fatimids 368Rise of the Rajput Kingdoms 370Cholamandalam 382Polonnaruwa 384Song Dynasty China 386Liao Dynasty 388Pure Land Buddhism 391Byzantine Revival 392Ottonian Germany 396The Normans 399Pilgrimage Churches 403Tuscany 4041200 CE 407Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat) 416Kingdom of Pagan 420Sanju-sangen-do 422Itsukushima Shrine 423Southern Song Dynasty 424Mongol Empire 426Delhi 428Africa 431Fontenay Abbey 438Medieval Scandinavia 440Europe: The High Middle Ages 441Nasrid Sultanate and the Alhambra 449Toltec Empire 452Chichén Itzá 4521400 CE 455The Americas 460Republic of Venice 469Ottoman Empire 470Italian Renaissance 474French Châteaux 482Mamluk Sultanate 484Timurid Dynasty 486Deccan Sultanates 488Ming Dynasty China 491Joseon Dynasty 496Muromachi Japan 497Ayutthaya 5001600 CE 501Architecture of the Eurasian Power Bloc 501Tokugawa Shogunate 504Ming Tombs 512Potala Palace 516Voyages of Zheng He 519Mughals 520Vijaynagara 527Bijapur 529Isfahan 530Suleymaniye Complex 533Kremlin’s New Churches 535Dogon of Mali 537Palladio 539Baroque Italy 542Spanish Invasion of America 552Atrios 553Colonial Forts 554Amsterdam 556Place Royale 558Elizabethan England 559Church of Santo Domingo 561Ryoanji 5621700 CE 563Colonialism 568The Louvre and the Hôtel 573Château de Versailles 576St. Petersburg 578Rationalization and the Age of Reason 580Johann Balthasar Neumann and the New Neresheim 582China and the European Enlightenment 584Qing Beijing 588Joseon Dynasty of Korea 591Mallas of Nepal 592Kyoto’s Odoi and Shimabara 593Edo (Tokyo) 594Nayaks of Madurai 596Jaipur 597Nurosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul 598The Anglican Church 599Whigs and the Palladian Revival 6021800 CE 605Tash-Khovli 610Jaipur and the End of the Mughal Empire 611Darbar Sahib 613Wat Pra Kaew 614Neoclassicim vs. Romanticism 616Washington, DC 627Nationalism 629Colonial Calcutta:The Esplanade 632Greek Revival 634Industrial Revolution 637Shakers 641August Welby Pugin and the English Parliament Building 642Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc 644Architectural Preservation 645Bibliothèque Ste.-Geneviève 646Kanamaru-za 648Qianlong’s Universal Vision 650Synagogues 6541900 CE 657Public Sector Architecture 662Railroad Stations 665The Athenaeum 666National Museums 667World’s Fairs 668Global Arts and Crafts Movement 669Central Park 674Paris and Haussmann 675The Passage 677École des Beaux-Arts 678Chettinad Mansions 680Colonial Modernism 681Henry Hobson Richardson 682The Global Bungalow 684Shingle Style 684Campus Architecture in the United States 686Art Nouveau’s Maison Tassel 687Rise of Professionalism 688International City Beautiful Plans 688The Garden City Movement 691International Beaux-Arts 692Skyscrapers 693Casa Batlló 695Frank Lloyd Wright 697African Land Grab 699Kyoto National Museum 700Myongdong Cathedral 700Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Building 700Concrete 701Adolf Loos 703The Factory Aesthetic 704Deutsche Werkbund 705German Concrete 706Expressionism 707New Delhi 710Mombasa 711Asplund and Lewerentz 712Frank Lloyd Wright and the Mayan Revival Style 713Dutch Kampung 714De Stijl Movement 715Friedrichstrasse Office Building 716Russian Constructivism 717The Bauhaus 720Le Corbusier and Vers une Architecture 722Lovell House 7241950 CE 725Modernism 726Postmodernism 780Magney House 786Globalization Today 787Glossary 801Bibliography 811Illustration Credits 821Index 825

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