Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development

IOI–Canada is a leading member of the International Ocean Institute’s network of centers and focal points operating worldwide. It has been based at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia since being founded by Elisabeth Mann Borgese in 1979.Editors:Paul R. Boudreau, B.Sc (1977), M.Sc. (1989), is an ecologist and environmental manager (retired) who worked for 32 years with the Canadian federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans. A three-year posting to the Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) was significant in his perception of the variety of human reliance on the world coasts. Ongoing interests include the adequate representation of public views in the often very technical processes of responsible coastal and ocean management. In 2012, he became a Senior Research Fellow with the International Ocean Institute-Canada.Mary R. Brooks is Professor Emerita at Dalhousie University’s Rowe School of Business, Halifax, Canada. In 2016, she was appointed Chair of the Marine Board of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Her research focuses on competition policy in liner shipping, port strategic management and short sea shipping. In addition to providing advice to governments and industry, Dr. Brooks has published more than 25 books and technical reports, more than 25 book chapters, and more than 75 articles in peer-reviewed scholarly journals since joining Dalhousie University in 1979.Michael J. A. Butler was educated at London University (UK), Memorial University and McGill University (Canada) with a focus on the marine sciences. His career in Atlantic Canada has included the roles of Fishery Oceanographer at the then Marine and Fishery Training Centre in Summerside; Coordinator of Training at the former Huntsman Marine Laboratory in St Andrews; Director of Research at the Council of Maritime Premiers' Maritime Resource Management Service in Amherst; and, in Halifax, Director of the Secretariat for the Atlantic Coastal Zone Information Steering Committee; President of the Oceans Institute of Canada; and, since 2005, Director of IOI-Canada.Anthony Charles is a professor at Saint Mary’s University in Halifax, Canada. His research on fisheries, oceans and coasts focuses on integrated management, ecosystem-based management, community-based management, climate change, sustainability and resilience, and marine protected areas. He has authored and edited several major books, including Sustainable Fishery Systems, Governance of Marine Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation, and Governing the Coastal Commons. He leads the Community Conservation Research Network, exploring linkages of environmental conservation and local economies. Dr. Charles is a Pew Fellow in Marine Conservation, a member of IUCN’s Fisheries Expert Group, and a longtime contributor to the International Ocean Institute.Scott Coffen-Smout, B.Sc., DMA, M.Sc., is an oceans management biologist with Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, Canada. He studied biology and marine affairs at Dalhousie University and marine environmental science at Bangor University, Wales. He previously consulted in Somalia and Niue, South Pacific. Affiliations include: research associate at the Marine & Environmental Law Institute, Dalhousie University, co-editor of the Ocean Yearbook (Brill Nijhoff), alumnus of IOI-Canada’s training program, and senior research fellow at IOI-Canada. Areas of practice at DFO include marine spatial planning, spatial data and information management, sustainable fisheries certifications, oceans management, and area response planning.David Griffiths is an independent researcher and former Canadian naval officer holding research fellowships with the International Ocean Institute–Canada, the Centre for the Study of Security and Development at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada, and Pakistan’s National Centre for Maritime Policy Research at Bahria University in Karachi. He also serves as Chair of the Board of Governors of the Atlantic School of Theology, Nova Scotia’s smallest university. He is a graduate of the Canadian Forces Command and Staff College and holds a Master’s degree in Marine Management.Ian McAllister, long time economics professor at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, has served on two Royal Commissions and advised Canadian and overseas governments. He headed the Development Department of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in Geneva. Among books he has authored are: Projects for Relief and Development (1991), Sustaining Relief with Development: Strategic Issues for the Red Cross and Red Crescent (1993), Working with Neighbours: University Partnerships for International Development (1996), Through a Glass Darkly: From Disaster Relief to Modern Peacebuilding (2004). He is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Ocean Institute-Canada.Moira L. McConnell is a Professor of Law Emerita and Honorary Fellow of the Marine & Environmental Law Institute at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada. Dr. McConnell's research interests are in the fields of public and private international law and domestic law. She has over 100 publications in a wide range of topics in these fields, including law of the sea, maritime law and policy, environmental law and governance systems. She is co-editor of the Ocean Yearbook, associate editor of the Yearbook of International Environmental Law, and member of the editorial board of the WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs.Ian Porter. Stories about events and life in coastal communities in Atlantic Canada were a leading priority for Ian Porter as a radio and television reporter and producer with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Going to sea for a story had an enduring appeal. While at CBC in Halifax, Ian took part in the IOI interdisciplinary training programme. Later, as a lecturer with the School of Journalism at University of King’s College, Halifax, he returned to IOI as a presenter of the programme’s Media and Marine Management module. Ian also has worked as a volunteer journalism instructor for independent news media in southeast Asia.Susan J. Rolston is sole proprietor of Seawinds Consulting Services, Hackett’s Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada. She is a Research Associate of the Marine & Environmental Law Institute, Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. She holds a Master’s degree in Political Science (Dalhousie). Ms. Rolston’s areas of special expertise include marine policy and management, maritime security, the environment, and international affairs and development. She has held research and management positions with marine-related institutes and programs at Dalhousie University. Ms. Rolston has contributed to numerous marine publications as an author and in an editorial capacity.Peter G. Wells is a marine environmental scientist (retired) and Adjunct Professor and Senior Research Fellow at Dalhousie University and the International Ocean Institute-Canada, Halifax, Canada. He has a B.Sc. (Biology, McGill, 1967), MSc (Zoology, Toronto, 1969) and Ph.D. (Zoology/Aquatic Toxicology, Guelph, 1976). He worked 34 years for Environment Canada, primarily in Halifax. He taught environmental toxicology at Dalhousie and served the UN as a marine pollution science advisor. Current interests are ecotoxicology, use and influence of marine environmental information, community action on coastal environmental issues, and mountain recreation. He is an AAAS Fellow amongst other honors and has authored/co-authored many publications, including editor of five books.Dirk Werle, MSc. (McGill, 1984), is a managing partner with Ærde Environmental Research in Halifax, Canada since 1987. His professional career as a geographer focused on innovative applications of Earth observation satellites for mapping and managing natural resources and for monitoring marine and terrestrial environments. He has worked as an advisor for government and non-governmental organizations and chaired Canada’s National Remote Sensing Working Group for the Environment. He served as Officer and President of the Canadian Remote Sensing Society from 1999 to 2007. In 2010, he joined the Board of Directors of the International Ocean Institute-Canada.Contributors (98) are: Sheau Ye Aai, Nayha Acharya, Frida M. Armas-Pfirter, Adnan Awad, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, François Bailet, Megan Bailey, Betsy Baker, Bruce Batstone, Awni Behnam, Susan Belford, James Boxall, Paul R. Boudreau, Sean Brillant, Mary R. Brooks, Michael J. A. Butler, Michael Byers, Galo Carrera, Anthony Charles, Ratana Chuenpagdee, John A. Cigliano, Scott Coffen-Smout, Graham A. Daborn, John Dalziel, Jackie Dawson, Michael Depledge, Mark Dickey-Collas, Lucia Fanning, Brian Flemming, Mélanie Fournier, David Freestone, Susanna Fuller, David Griffiths, Philippe Gautier, Arthur J. Hanson, Lawrence P. Hildebrand, Rob Huebert, Svein Jentoft, Paul Kennedy, Alan Knight, David Krieger, Daniel E. Lane, Peter W. Leder, Esaroma Ledua, Don Liu, Bertrum A. MacDonald, Elizabeth A. MacDonald, Constance MacIntosh, Peter MacLellan, Eduardo Marone, Luis Marone, Ian McAllister, Moira L. McConnell, Anna Metaxas, Tirza Meyer, Peter Noble, Andreas Østhagen, Ken Paul, Peter Payoyo, Ron Pelot, Evelyn Pinkerton, Ian Porter, Murielle Provost, Robert Rangeley, Anna M. Redden, Jake Rice, Peter J. Ricketts, David Roberts, Susan J. Rolston, Adam Rostis, Gabriela Sabau, Karen N. Scott, Sherry Scully, Kathryn Schleit, Kenneth Sherman, Deirdre Shurland, Mark Sloan, Paul Snelgrove, Suzuette S. Soomai, Doris Soto, Judith Swan, Prue Taylor, Harry Thurston, J. Luis Valdés, Alexandra Vance, David L. VanderZwaag, Joeli Veitayaki, Haley Viehman, Igor Vio, Wendy Watson-Wright, Lindy Weilgart, Peter G. Wells, Dirk Werle, Maxine C. Westhead, Fred Whoriskey, Hugh Williamson, Boris Worm, and Carlos Wurman.

• Foreword Betsy BakerForewordBrian FlemmingEditors’ Preface and AcknowledgmentsAbout the International Ocean InstituteEditors’ Biographical NotesIntroduction: The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity DevelopmentThe EditorsPart 1: Perspectives on Ocean GovernanceIntroductionEditor: Michael J.A. ButlerElisabeth Mann Borgese’s Invisible Hand in Ocean Governance: Past, Present, and FutureAwni BehnamFragmented Governance of Our One Global OceanWendy Watson-Wright and J. Luis ValdésTransdisciplinary Perspectives on Ocean GovernanceRatana ChuenpagdeeMeaningful Partnerships in Meaningful Ocean GovernanceAnthony CharlesEthical Dimensions of Ocean GovernanceEduardo Marone and Luis MaroneParticipatory Ocean Governance in PracticeDaniel E. LaneFirst Nations, Ocean Governance and Indigenous Knowledge SystemsKen PaulNon-Governmental Organization Roles in Shaping Future Ocean Governance and ManagementAlexandra Vance and Robert RangeleyThe Ocean and China’s Drive for an Ecological CivilizationArthur J. HansonPart 2: Capacity Development for Responsible Ocean GovernanceIntroductionEditors: Dirk Werle, Scott Coffen-Smout and Michael J.A. ButlerThe Capacity Development Imperative: Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s LegacyFrançois BailetIOI-Canada’s Ocean Governance Training ProgramMichael J.A. ButlerAlumni Reflections on the ioi Training ProgramIgor VioEducating the Ocean Leaders of Today for the Ocean of TomorrowLawrence P. HildebrandAlumni Reflections on the ioi Training ProgramAmy Aai Sheau YeSimulation and Scenario-based LearningMélanie Fournier and David GriffithsStrategic ioi Initiatives for Developing Capacity in Ocean GovernancePeter W. Leder and Daniel E. LanePart 3: Law of the Sea and Principled Ocean GovernanceIntroductionEditor: Moira L. McConnellEdging Towards Principled Ocean Governance: Law of the Sea and BeyondDavid L. VanderZwaagThe Deep Seafloor as a Battleground for Justice?Tirza MeyerArticle 82 of unclos: A Clear Outcome of the ‘Package Deal’ Approach of the Convention NegotiationFrida M. Armas-PfirterThe Common Heritage of Mankind: Expanding the Oceanic CirclePrue TaylorMarine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National JurisdictionDavid FreestoneThe Evolution of Scientific and Technical Methodologies in the Delimitation of Maritime SpacesGalo CarreraSettling Maritime Boundaries: Why Some Countries Find it Easy, and Others Do NotMichael Byers and Andreas ØsthagenLegal Aspects of Climate ChangeKaren N. ScottElisabeth Mann Borgese, unclos, and the Arctic: The Power of Normative Thinking and Her LegacyRob HuebertThe itlos Experience in Dispute ResolutionPhilippe GautierPart 4: Ocean SciencesIntroductionEditor: Peter G. WellsHealth of the OceanPeter G. WellsOceans, Health, and Well-beingMichael H. DepledgeThe Changing Ocean and the Impact of Technology: The Role of the Ocean Tracking Network, It’s PersonalFrederick WhoriskeyOcean Remote Sensing from Space: A Tale of Three CommonsDirk WerleLarge Marine Ecosystems: Their Status and Role in Ocean GovernanceKenneth ShermanOcean Acidification in Canadian WatersKumiko Azetsu-ScottEcological Change in the Oceans and the Role of FisheriesBoris WormCaring for the CoastsPaul Snelgrove and Anna MetaxasCaring for the Deep SeaAnna Metaxas and Paul V.R. SnelgroveThe Role of Citizen Science in Ocean GovernanceJohn A. CiglianoPart 5: Integrated Coastal and Ocean ManagementIntroductionEditor: Scott Coffen-SmoutThe Promise of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Questioning the Past, Rethinking the FutureLucia M. FanningCoastal and Marine Spatial Planning: Balancing the Ecosystem Approach and the Sustainable Blue EconomyScott Coffen-SmoutInformation Matters: Global Perspectives about Communication at the Science-Policy InterfaceSuzuette S. Soomai and Bertrum H. MacDonaldGeospatial Data Infrastructures and Ocean GovernanceJames BoxallMarine Protected Areas: Ensuring Effective Conservation while Pursuing Global TargetsMaxine C. WestheadIs Canada Protecting Its Marine Species at Risk?Sean BrillantKeeping the Noise Down: Approaches to the Mitigation and Regulation of Human-Caused Ocean NoiseLindy WeilgartEcological Economics and the OceanGabriela SabauSustainable Tourism and the Ocean: The Long ViewDeirdre P. ShurlandOcean and Climate Change Action: Opportunities for Economic and Environmental SustainabilityPeter J. RickettsPart 6: Fisheries and AquacultureIntroductionEditor: Anthony CharlesScientific Basis for Fishery Policy and ManagementJake RiceLegitimacy and Effectiveness through Fisheries Co-ManagementEvelyn PinkertonTurning Aspiration to Action: Challenges of Making the Ecosystem Approach Operational in FisheriesMark Dickey-CollasWhat is the Role of the Market in Contemporary Fisheries Governance?Megan BaileySmall-Scale Fisheries: Too Important to FailRatana Chuenpagdee and Svein Jentoftiuu Fishing and Measures to Improve Enforcement and ComplianceJudith SwanThe Future of Managing Fisheries and the Global Commons through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations: Steps toward Global StewardshipSusanna D. Fuller and Kathryn E. SchleitBalancing Sustainable Tuna Resource Management and Economic Development: Small Island Developing States PerspectivesEsaroma Ledua and Joeli VeitayakiSustainable Aquaculture: Protecting Our Oceans and Feeding the WorldDavid RobertsOffshore Aquaculture: A Needed New Frontier for Farmed Fish at SeaDoris Soto and Carlos WurmanPart 7: Ocean EnergyIntroductionEditor: Scott Coffen-SmoutMarine Renewable Energy in Canada: A Century of Consideration and ChallengesGraham R. Daborn, Haley Viehman and Anna M. ReddenEnvironmental Culture and Mitigation Criteria for Offshore Oil and Gas ActivitiesElizabeth A. MacDonaldOil and Gas: Exploration and RiskBruce Batstone and Susan BelfordPart 8: Maritime Safety and SecurityIntroductionEditor: David GriffithsSecurity Dimensions of Ocean GovernanceDavid GriffithsIntelligence Gathering and Espionage in the Exclusive Economic Zone: Peaceful or Not?Hugh WilliamsonMarine Piracy: A Continuing ChallengeMark SloanRefugees at SeaConstance MacIntoshOne Hundred Years of Certitude? Disaster Response and Recovery since the Halifax ExplosionAdam RostisWomen, Communities, Resilience: What’s Not to Understand?Murielle ProvostIn Search of Relief with DevelopmentIan McAllisterPart 9: Maritime TransportationIntroductionEditor: Mary R. BrooksNational Shipping Policies and International Ocean GovernanceMary R. BrooksGrowth in the Shipping Industry: Future Projections and ImpactsPeter NoblePort State Control: An Important Concept in the Safety of Life at Sea, the Protection of the Marine Environment, and of Goods in TransitAlan KnightSeafarers’ Human Rights: Compliance and EnforcementPeter B. PayoyoMaritime Emergency Preparedness and ManagementJohn Dalziel and Ronald PelotThe Pacing of Progress as the Secret to Success for the International Ballast Water Management RegimeAdnan AwadArctic Shipping: Future Prospects and Ocean GovernanceJackie DawsonAutonomous Vessel Technology, Safety, and Ocean ImpactsDonald LiuPart 10: Communication and NegotiationIntroductionEditors: Paul R. Boudreau and Ian PorterSing to Me of the Oceans, Muse: The Poetry of the SeaHarry ThurstonJournalistic Challenges in Speaking for the Ocean: A Personal Acquaintance with Elisabeth Mann BorgesePaul KennedyOceans Day: A Personal Reminiscence of Its InitiationPeter MacLellanCetaceans in the Media: A Right Whale of a StoryIan PorterSocial Media and Twenty-First Century Public EngagementPaul R. BoudreauThe Marine People Partnership: Building a Workforce for Our Ocean Industries through Ocean LiteracySherry ScullyTowards Ocean Peace: Resolving Disputes Cooperatively and Empathetically through NegotiationsNayha AcharyaSynthesis: Looking Ahead: Ocean Governance Challenges in the Twenty-First CenturyThe EditorsIndex