Michael Byram is Professor Emeritus of Education, Durham University, England.Maria Stoicheva is Jean Monnet Chair and Professor of Political Science, Department of European Studies, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria.

• 1. Introduction Part I: Transversal studies 2. Standards and criteria: Is there a case for international comparability? 3. The experience of examiners and examining 4. The final oral examination 5. The role of languages in doctoral examination Part II: Case studies of universities Africa 6. Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique 7. Makerere University, Uganda Asia 8. Beijing Language and Culture University, China 9. A Japanese University 10. Thammasat University, Thailand South America 11. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina 12. The University of São Paulo, Brazil The West 13. University of Aveiro, Portugal 14. University of Connecticut, USA 15. Durham University, England, United Kingdom 16. Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland 17. Macquarie University, Australia 18. Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria 19. Afterword

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