Piers J. Hale is a scholar of nineteenth-century science, with a specialisation in the history of the social and cultural implications of evolution. In his book Political Descent. Malthus, Mutualism, and the Politics of Evolution in Victorian England (2014), Hale provided a broad overview of the political and moral implications that nineteenth-century Britons took the idea of evolution to have.Caden C. Testa is a senior graduate student in the history of science and is editorial assistant to the bibliographer of the History of Science Society. He is a scholar of the history of evolutionary ideas with a specialization in Lamarck’s transformist philosophy.

• Volume 1. Evolution before DarwinCaden C. Testa and Piers J. HaleAcknowledgementsGeneral introduction: “Evolution in Victorian Britain”Volume 1 introduction: “Mapping Evolutionary Ideas in Britain in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century”Preface1. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “In Memoriam A. A. H.” (London: Edward Moxon, 1850).Part 1: The Enlightenment2. Georges Louis Leclerc, the Comte de Buffon, “Of the Degeneration of Animals” (1766) reprinted in Buffon’s Natural History containing A Theory of the Earth, A General History of Man, of Brute Creation, and of Vegetables, Minerals &c. From the French with notes buy the Translator (London: J.S. Barr, 1792).3. William Godwin, An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its influence on General Virtue and Happiness, (2 vols.) (Dublin: Luke White, 1793).4. Nicolas de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind. Being a Posthumous Work of the Late M. DE CONDORCET (London: J. Johnson, 1795), pp. 370-15. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, (London, J. Johnson, 1798), pp. 1, 3–9, 49–54, 110, 111–14.6. Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life, (2 vols.) (Dublin: P. Byrne & W. Jones, 1794), 478, 498–9, 500–9, 519–21.7. Erasmus Darwin, The Temple of Nature. Or, The Origin of Society. A Poem, with Philosophical Notes (London: J. Johnson, 1803), pp.1, 19, 26, 33, 34, 35–7, 153–9.8. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind (De generis humani), (3rd edn. 1795), in The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, edited by Thomas Bendyshe, (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1865), pp.188-206.9. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy (tr. Hugh Elliot; London: Macmillan and Co., 1914), pp. 35–40, 44–6, 106–13, 128–9, 169–73.10. Jean Baptiste Lamarck, “Gall’s System” in Wheeler and Barbour's The Lamarck Manuscripts at Harvard (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1933), pp.133, 134–5.11. [Lockhart Muirhead], Review of Lamarck’s Philosophie Zoologique, Monthly Review, 55 (August 1811), pp. 473–84, 5 (April 1813), pp. 481– 90.Part 2. Edinburgh Transmutationists12. [Albrecht Rengger], “Observations on the Nature and Importance of Geology”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (Oct. 1826), pp. 293–302.13. [André Étienne Daubert de Férussac], “Of the Changes which Life has Experienced on the Globe”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (1827), pp. 298–301.14. [Étienne Geoffroy St-Hilaire (trans. Alexandre Bertand], “For the Continuity of the Animal Kingdom by Means of Generation from the First Ages of the World to the Present Times”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (April 1829), pp.152–5. (Translation of Geoffroy’s March 23 1829 paper to the Academie des Sciences, first appeared in The Globe.)15. Robert Knox, “Inquiry into the Origin and Characteristic Difference of the Native Races inhabiting the Extra-Tropical part of Southern Africa”, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, v.5, (Edinburgh: 1824), pp. 206–19.16. Robert Knox, “Contributions to the Philosophy of Zoology with Special Reference to the Natural History of Man”, The Lancet, July 14th 1855, pp.24–6.17. [John Gordon], “The Doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim”, Edinburgh Review 25 (June 1815), pp. 227–29, 247-54, 268.18. George Combe, The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects (Edinburgh: John Anderson, & London: Longman & Co., 1828), pp.143, 145–56, 160, 164–6.Part 3. The Developmental Hypothesis in Mid-Victorian Britain19. Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, Vol. 2. (London, John Murray, 1832), pp. 1–19, 20–21.20. W. B. Carpenter, Principles of General and Comparative Physiology, Intended as an Introduction to the Study of Human Physiology and as a Study Guide to the Pursuit of Natural History (London: John Churchill, 1839), pp. x, 129–39, 414–24, 463–4.21. “Carpenter’s Principles of General and Comparative Physiology”, Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 53 (1840), pp. 213–28.22. [Charles Southwell & William Chilton], “Theory of Regular Gradation”, Oracle of Reason, 2 vols. (1842–3), vol 1, pp. 5-6, Vol. 2, pp. 5–7, 21–3, 219–21, 229–30, 253–4, 279–80, 308–9, 318–19, 325, 332–4, 340–2, 347–8, 378–9. 23. [Robert Chambers] Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (London: John Churchill,1844); (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1887), pp. 145–65, 174, 176–7.24. Herbert Spencer, “The Developmental Hypothesis”, The Leader, (March 1852), pp. 280–1.25. Herbert Spencer, “A Theory of Population, Deduced from the General Law of Animal Fertility”, Westminster Review, 57 (1852), pp. 9–10, 12–13, 22, 23–7, 30–5.26. Herbert Spencer, “Progress: Its Law and Cause”, The Westminster Review, 67 (April 1857), pp. 445–85.27. Baden Powell, Essay 3, “On the Philosophy of Creation”, Essays in the Spirit of the Inductive Philosophy, The Unity of Worlds, and the Philosophy of Creation (London: Longman, Green, Brown, & Longmans, 1855), pp. 329–30, 337, 342–3, 349–51, 369–72, 376–7, 380, 391, 392–5, 398–402, 404–5, 408–18, 424.28. Alfred Russel Wallace, “On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species”, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16 (September 1855), 16, pp.184–96.29. Alfred Russel Wallace, “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type”, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, (August 1858), pp. 53–62.Part 4. The Historical Sketch30. Charles Darwin, “An Historical Sketch,” in On the Origin of Species by means of natural Selection, or, the preservation of the favoured races in the struggle for life 6th ed. (London: John Murray, 1872).31. P. Matthew, “Nature’s Law of Selection”, Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette (7 April 1860), pp. 312-3.32. William Charles Wells, Two Essays: upon a single vision with two eyes, the other on dew, including appendix, An account of a female of the white race of mankind, part of whose skin resembles that of a negro, with some observations on the cause of the differences in colour and form between the white and negro races of man(Constable, London. 1818), pp. 431–8.33. William Herbert, “On the Production of Hybrid Vegetables; With the Results of Many Experiments Made in the Investigation of the Subject. In a Letter to the Secretary”, Transactions of the Horticultural Society, 4 (1822), pp. 15–22, 47.34. William Herbert, Amaryllidaceae (London: J. Ridgeway, 1837), p.19–20, 337–40.BibliographyIndex

Piers J. Hale is a scholar of nineteenth-century science, with a specialisation in the history of the social and cultural implications of evolution. In his book Political Descent. Malthus, Mutualism, and the Politics of Evolution in Victorian England (2014), Hale provided a broad overview of the political and moral implications that nineteenth-century Britons took the idea of evolution to have.Caden C. Testa is a senior graduate student in the history of science and is editorial assistant to the bibliographer of the History of Science Society. He is a scholar of the history of evolutionary ideas with a specialization in Lamarck’s transformist philosophy.

• Volume 1. Evolution before DarwinCaden C. Testa and Piers J. HaleAcknowledgementsGeneral introduction: “Evolution in Victorian Britain”Volume 1 introduction: “Mapping Evolutionary Ideas in Britain in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century”Preface1. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “In Memoriam A. A. H.” (London: Edward Moxon, 1850).Part 1: The Enlightenment2. Georges Louis Leclerc, the Comte de Buffon, “Of the Degeneration of Animals” (1766) reprinted in Buffon’s Natural History containing A Theory of the Earth, A General History of Man, of Brute Creation, and of Vegetables, Minerals &c. From the French with notes buy the Translator (London: J.S. Barr, 1792).3. William Godwin, An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its influence on General Virtue and Happiness, (2 vols.) (Dublin: Luke White, 1793).4. Nicolas de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind. Being a Posthumous Work of the Late M. DE CONDORCET (London: J. Johnson, 1795), pp. 370-15. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, (London, J. Johnson, 1798), pp. 1, 3–9, 49–54, 110, 111–14.6. Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life, (2 vols.) (Dublin: P. Byrne & W. Jones, 1794), 478, 498–9, 500–9, 519–21.7. Erasmus Darwin, The Temple of Nature. Or, The Origin of Society. A Poem, with Philosophical Notes (London: J. Johnson, 1803), pp.1, 19, 26, 33, 34, 35–7, 153–9.8. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind (De generis humani), (3rd edn. 1795), in The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, edited by Thomas Bendyshe, (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1865), pp.188-206.9. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy (tr. Hugh Elliot; London: Macmillan and Co., 1914), pp. 35–40, 44–6, 106–13, 128–9, 169–73.10. Jean Baptiste Lamarck, “Gall’s System” in Wheeler and Barbour's The Lamarck Manuscripts at Harvard (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1933), pp.133, 134–5.11. [Lockhart Muirhead], Review of Lamarck’s Philosophie Zoologique, Monthly Review, 55 (August 1811), pp. 473–84, 5 (April 1813), pp. 481– 90.Part 2. Edinburgh Transmutationists12. [Albrecht Rengger], “Observations on the Nature and Importance of Geology”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (Oct. 1826), pp. 293–302.13. [André Étienne Daubert de Férussac], “Of the Changes which Life has Experienced on the Globe”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (1827), pp. 298–301.14. [Étienne Geoffroy St-Hilaire (trans. Alexandre Bertand], “For the Continuity of the Animal Kingdom by Means of Generation from the First Ages of the World to the Present Times”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (April 1829), pp.152–5. (Translation of Geoffroy’s March 23 1829 paper to the Academie des Sciences, first appeared in The Globe.)15. Robert Knox, “Inquiry into the Origin and Characteristic Difference of the Native Races inhabiting the Extra-Tropical part of Southern Africa”, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, v.5, (Edinburgh: 1824), pp. 206–19.16. Robert Knox, “Contributions to the Philosophy of Zoology with Special Reference to the Natural History of Man”, The Lancet, July 14th 1855, pp.24–6.17. [John Gordon], “The Doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim”, Edinburgh Review 25 (June 1815), pp. 227–29, 247-54, 268.18. George Combe, The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects (Edinburgh: John Anderson, & London: Longman & Co., 1828), pp.143, 145–56, 160, 164–6.Part 3. The Developmental Hypothesis in Mid-Victorian Britain19. Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, Vol. 2. (London, John Murray, 1832), pp. 1–19, 20–21.20. W. B. Carpenter, Principles of General and Comparative Physiology, Intended as an Introduction to the Study of Human Physiology and as a Study Guide to the Pursuit of Natural History (London: John Churchill, 1839), pp. x, 129–39, 414–24, 463–4.21. “Carpenter’s Principles of General and Comparative Physiology”, Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 53 (1840), pp. 213–28.22. [Charles Southwell & William Chilton], “Theory of Regular Gradation”, Oracle of Reason, 2 vols. (1842–3), vol 1, pp. 5-6, Vol. 2, pp. 5–7, 21–3, 219–21, 229–30, 253–4, 279–80, 308–9, 318–19, 325, 332–4, 340–2, 347–8, 378–9. 23. [Robert Chambers] Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (London: John Churchill,1844); (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1887), pp. 145–65, 174, 176–7.24. Herbert Spencer, “The Developmental Hypothesis”, The Leader, (March 1852), pp. 280–1.25. Herbert Spencer, “A Theory of Population, Deduced from the General Law of Animal Fertility”, Westminster Review, 57 (1852), pp. 9–10, 12–13, 22, 23–7, 30–5.26. Herbert Spencer, “Progress: Its Law and Cause”, The Westminster Review, 67 (April 1857), pp. 445–85.27. Baden Powell, Essay 3, “On the Philosophy of Creation”, Essays in the Spirit of the Inductive Philosophy, The Unity of Worlds, and the Philosophy of Creation (London: Longman, Green, Brown, & Longmans, 1855), pp. 329–30, 337, 342–3, 349–51, 369–72, 376–7, 380, 391, 392–5, 398–402, 404–5, 408–18, 424.28. Alfred Russel Wallace, “On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species”, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16 (September 1855), 16, pp.184–96.29. Alfred Russel Wallace, “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type”, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, (August 1858), pp. 53–62.Part 4. The Historical Sketch30. Charles Darwin, “An Historical Sketch,” in On the Origin of Species by means of natural Selection, or, the preservation of the favoured races in the struggle for life 6th ed. (London: John Murray, 1872).31. P. Matthew, “Nature’s Law of Selection”, Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette (7 April 1860), pp. 312-3.32. William Charles Wells, Two Essays: upon a single vision with two eyes, the other on dew, including appendix, An account of a female of the white race of mankind, part of whose skin resembles that of a negro, with some observations on the cause of the differences in colour and form between the white and negro races of man(Constable, London. 1818), pp. 431–8.33. William Herbert, “On the Production of Hybrid Vegetables; With the Results of Many Experiments Made in the Investigation of the Subject. In a Letter to the Secretary”, Transactions of the Horticultural Society, 4 (1822), pp. 15–22, 47.34. William Herbert, Amaryllidaceae (London: J. Ridgeway, 1837), p.19–20, 337–40.BibliographyIndex

Piers J. Hale is a scholar of nineteenth-century science, with a specialisation in the history of the social and cultural implications of evolution. In his book Political Descent. Malthus, Mutualism, and the Politics of Evolution in Victorian England (2014), Hale provided a broad overview of the political and moral implications that nineteenth-century Britons took the idea of evolution to have.Caden C. Testa is a senior graduate student in the history of science and is editorial assistant to the bibliographer of the History of Science Society. He is a scholar of the history of evolutionary ideas with a specialization in Lamarck’s transformist philosophy.

• Volume 1. Evolution before DarwinCaden C. Testa and Piers J. HaleAcknowledgementsGeneral introduction: “Evolution in Victorian Britain”Volume 1 introduction: “Mapping Evolutionary Ideas in Britain in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century”Preface1. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “In Memoriam A. A. H.” (London: Edward Moxon, 1850).Part 1: The Enlightenment2. Georges Louis Leclerc, the Comte de Buffon, “Of the Degeneration of Animals” (1766) reprinted in Buffon’s Natural History containing A Theory of the Earth, A General History of Man, of Brute Creation, and of Vegetables, Minerals &c. From the French with notes buy the Translator (London: J.S. Barr, 1792).3. William Godwin, An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its influence on General Virtue and Happiness, (2 vols.) (Dublin: Luke White, 1793).4. Nicolas de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind. Being a Posthumous Work of the Late M. DE CONDORCET (London: J. Johnson, 1795), pp. 370-15. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, (London, J. Johnson, 1798), pp. 1, 3–9, 49–54, 110, 111–14.6. Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life, (2 vols.) (Dublin: P. Byrne & W. Jones, 1794), 478, 498–9, 500–9, 519–21.7. Erasmus Darwin, The Temple of Nature. Or, The Origin of Society. A Poem, with Philosophical Notes (London: J. Johnson, 1803), pp.1, 19, 26, 33, 34, 35–7, 153–9.8. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind (De generis humani), (3rd edn. 1795), in The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, edited by Thomas Bendyshe, (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1865), pp.188-206.9. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy (tr. Hugh Elliot; London: Macmillan and Co., 1914), pp. 35–40, 44–6, 106–13, 128–9, 169–73.10. Jean Baptiste Lamarck, “Gall’s System” in Wheeler and Barbour's The Lamarck Manuscripts at Harvard (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1933), pp.133, 134–5.11. [Lockhart Muirhead], Review of Lamarck’s Philosophie Zoologique, Monthly Review, 55 (August 1811), pp. 473–84, 5 (April 1813), pp. 481– 90.Part 2. Edinburgh Transmutationists12. [Albrecht Rengger], “Observations on the Nature and Importance of Geology”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (Oct. 1826), pp. 293–302.13. [André Étienne Daubert de Férussac], “Of the Changes which Life has Experienced on the Globe”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (1827), pp. 298–301.14. [Étienne Geoffroy St-Hilaire (trans. Alexandre Bertand], “For the Continuity of the Animal Kingdom by Means of Generation from the First Ages of the World to the Present Times”, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, (April 1829), pp.152–5. (Translation of Geoffroy’s March 23 1829 paper to the Academie des Sciences, first appeared in The Globe.)15. Robert Knox, “Inquiry into the Origin and Characteristic Difference of the Native Races inhabiting the Extra-Tropical part of Southern Africa”, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, v.5, (Edinburgh: 1824), pp. 206–19.16. Robert Knox, “Contributions to the Philosophy of Zoology with Special Reference to the Natural History of Man”, The Lancet, July 14th 1855, pp.24–6.17. [John Gordon], “The Doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim”, Edinburgh Review 25 (June 1815), pp. 227–29, 247-54, 268.18. George Combe, The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects (Edinburgh: John Anderson, & London: Longman & Co., 1828), pp.143, 145–56, 160, 164–6.Part 3. The Developmental Hypothesis in Mid-Victorian Britain19. Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, Vol. 2. (London, John Murray, 1832), pp. 1–19, 20–21.20. W. B. Carpenter, Principles of General and Comparative Physiology, Intended as an Introduction to the Study of Human Physiology and as a Study Guide to the Pursuit of Natural History (London: John Churchill, 1839), pp. x, 129–39, 414–24, 463–4.21. “Carpenter’s Principles of General and Comparative Physiology”, Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 53 (1840), pp. 213–28.22. [Charles Southwell & William Chilton], “Theory of Regular Gradation”, Oracle of Reason, 2 vols. (1842–3), vol 1, pp. 5-6, Vol. 2, pp. 5–7, 21–3, 219–21, 229–30, 253–4, 279–80, 308–9, 318–19, 325, 332–4, 340–2, 347–8, 378–9. 23. [Robert Chambers] Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (London: John Churchill,1844); (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1887), pp. 145–65, 174, 176–7.24. Herbert Spencer, “The Developmental Hypothesis”, The Leader, (March 1852), pp. 280–1.25. Herbert Spencer, “A Theory of Population, Deduced from the General Law of Animal Fertility”, Westminster Review, 57 (1852), pp. 9–10, 12–13, 22, 23–7, 30–5.26. Herbert Spencer, “Progress: Its Law and Cause”, The Westminster Review, 67 (April 1857), pp. 445–85.27. Baden Powell, Essay 3, “On the Philosophy of Creation”, Essays in the Spirit of the Inductive Philosophy, The Unity of Worlds, and the Philosophy of Creation (London: Longman, Green, Brown, & Longmans, 1855), pp. 329–30, 337, 342–3, 349–51, 369–72, 376–7, 380, 391, 392–5, 398–402, 404–5, 408–18, 424.28. Alfred Russel Wallace, “On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species”, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16 (September 1855), 16, pp.184–96.29. Alfred Russel Wallace, “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type”, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, (August 1858), pp. 53–62.Part 4. The Historical Sketch30. Charles Darwin, “An Historical Sketch,” in On the Origin of Species by means of natural Selection, or, the preservation of the favoured races in the struggle for life 6th ed. (London: John Murray, 1872).31. P. Matthew, “Nature’s Law of Selection”, Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette (7 April 1860), pp. 312-3.32. William Charles Wells, Two Essays: upon a single vision with two eyes, the other on dew, including appendix, An account of a female of the white race of mankind, part of whose skin resembles that of a negro, with some observations on the cause of the differences in colour and form between the white and negro races of man(Constable, London. 1818), pp. 431–8.33. William Herbert, “On the Production of Hybrid Vegetables; With the Results of Many Experiments Made in the Investigation of the Subject. In a Letter to the Secretary”, Transactions of the Horticultural Society, 4 (1822), pp. 15–22, 47.34. William Herbert, Amaryllidaceae (London: J. Ridgeway, 1837), p.19–20, 337–40.BibliographyIndex