Electromagnetics of Body Area Networks

Douglas H. Werner holds the John L. and Genevieve H. McCain Chair Professorship in the Pennsylvania State University Department of Electrical Engineering, USA. He is also the director of the Computational Electromagnetics and Antennas Research Lab, a member of the Communications and Space Sciences Lab, and a faculty member of the Materials Research Institute (MRI) at Penn State University. He holds eight patents, has published over 650 technical papers and proceedings articles, and is the author of three books and 24 book chapters. Zhi Hao Jiang received the B.S. degree in radio engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2008, and a Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, in 2013. He is currently a post-doctoral research fellow with the Computational Electromagnetics and Antennas Research Lab (CEARL), USA. He has coauthored five book chapters and over 75 papers in peer reviewed international journals and conference proceedings.

• List of Contributors xvPreface xixAcknowledgments xxiii1 Textile Antennas for Body Area Networks: Design Strategies and Evaluation Methods 1Ping Jack Soh and Guy A. E. Vandenbosch1.1 Introduction, 11.2 Textile Materials and Antenna Fabrication Procedure, 21.3 Design Strategies and Evaluation Methods, 51.4 Conclusion, 202 Metamaterial-Enabled and Microwave Circuit Integrated Wearable Antennas for Off-Body Communications 27Zhi Hao Jiang, Taiwei Yue, and Douglas H. Werner2.1 Introduction, 272.2 A Metasurface-Enabled Compact Wearable Antenna, 292.3 Microwave Circuit Integrated Wearable Filtering Antennas, 372.4 Investigation of Performance for Wearable Applications, 472.5 Conclusion, 553 AMC-Backed Flexible Near-Endfire Wearable Antennas for On-Body Communications 61Kush Agarwal and Yong-Xin Guo3.1 Introduction, 613.2 AMC-Backed Near-Endfire Antenna for On-Body Communications, 643.3 Fabricating the Antenna Configurations on Flexible Latex Substrate, 683.4 Investigation of Antenna Performances in Free Space, 693.5 Investigation of Antenna Performances on Voxel Model, 723.6 Antenna Performance Under Bending Deformation, 763.7 Measurement Results, 793.8 Conclusion, 844 Novel Antenna Designs and Characterization Methodologies for Medical Diagnostics and Sensing 87Harish Rajagopalan and Yahya Rahmat-Samii4.1 Introduction, 874.2 Ingestible Antenna Design at WMTS Band: Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Diagnostics, 974.3 Ingestible Antenna Design at ISM Band: Medical Compliance Sensing, 1104.4 On-Body Antenna at UHF Band: RFID Tag for Patient Monitoring, 1174.5 Future Outlook, 1264.6 Conclusion, 1295 Basic Performance Characteristics of Wearable Antennas Over a Wide Frequency Range 135Koichi Ito5.1 Introduction, 1355.2 Frequency Dependence of Communication Channels Between Wearable Antennas Mounted on the Human Body, 1365.3 Influences of Surrounding Environment and Body Movement, 1425.4 Practical Applications, 1495.5 Conclusion, 1566 Implanted Antennas and RF Transmission in Through-Body Communications 159Terence Shie Ping See, Zhi Ning Chen, and Xianming Qing6.1 Introduction, 1596.2 Antennas for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy, 1626.3 Antennas in Wireless Implantable Neuroprobe Microsystem for Motor Prosthesis, 1876.4 Conclusion, 2017 Antennas, Phantoms, and Body-Centric Propagation at Millimeter-Waves 205Nacer Chahat, Adrian Tang, Anda Guraliuc, Maxim Zhadobov, Ronan Sauleau, and Guido Valerio7.1 Introduction, 2057.2 Human Body Modeling and Exposure Guidelines, 2077.3 Antennas For Off-Body Communications at Millimeter-Waves, 2227.4 Antenna and Propagation for On-Body Propagation, 2317.5 Conclusion, 2488 Wearable Active Antenna Modules for Energy-Efficient Reliable Off-Body Communication Systems 261Patrick Van Torre, Luigi Vallozzi, and Hendrik Rogier8.1 Introduction, 2618.2 Diversity and MIMO Techniques for Off-Body Wireless Channels, 2648.3 Active Wearable Antennas: Efficient Design and Implementation, 2698.4 Body-Centric MIMO Channels, 2738.5 Applications, 2958.6 Conclusions, 3119 More Than Wearable: Epidermal Antennas for Tracking and Sensing 319Sara Amendola, Cecilia Occhiuzzi, and Gaetano Marrocco9.1 Introduction, 3199.2 RFID Technology, 3219.3 Radiation Performance of Epidermal Antennas, 3229.4 Performance of Epidermal RFID Dual-Loop Tag, 3289.5 Special (Functionalized) Epidermal Membranes, 3359.6 Sensing Applications, 3419.7 Conclusion, 34710 Inkjet-Printed Smart Skins and Wirelessly-Powered Sensors for Wearable Applications 351John Kimionis and Manos (Emmanouil) M. Tentzeris10.1 Introduction, 35110.2 Multilayer Inkjet Printing—Conductors and Dielectrics, 35210.3 Multilayer Inkjet Printing—Antenna Examples, 35410.4 Inkjet-Printed Sensors, 35610.5 Conductive Polymer-Based Sensors, 35710.6 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Sensors, 35810.7 Inkjet-Printed Microfluidics, 36010.8 Wireless Energy Harvesting for Wearables, 36410.9 Microwave Receiver Design, 36410.10 Circuit Fabrication with Inkjet-Printed Masking, 36510.11 Input Power Estimation and RF-DC Conversion Circuit Design, 36610.12 RF-DC Conversion Efficiency Measurement and Prototype Operation Tests, 36810.13 Conclusion, 37111 Circuits and Systems for Wireless Body Area Network 375Joonsung Bae and Hoi-Jun Yoo11.1 Introduction, 37511.2 MBAN System Concept, 37711.3 Energy-Efficient MBAN Hub Design, 38111.4 Compact Sensor Node Designs, 38911.5 System Implementation, 40011.6 Conclusion, 40112 Ultra Low-Power MEMS-Based Radios for WBAN 405Raghavasimhan Thirunarayanan, Aravind Prasad Heragu, and Christian Enz12.1 Introduction to Body Area Networks, 40512.2 WBAN Requirements, 40612.3 Limitations of Conventional Radios for WBAN Systems, 40712.4 Comparison Metrics for ULP Radios, 40812.5 MEMS Resonators—A Solution to Bulky Crystals, 41112.5.1 BAW Resonators, 41112.6 FBAR-Based Radios, 41312.7 FBAR-Based TX Architecture, 41312.8 Transmitter Measurement Results, 41812.9 Summary of the FBAR-Based TX, 42412.10 Receiver Architecture, 42412.11 Summary of the FBAR-Based RX, 44312.12 Conclusion, 44313 Exploring Physiological Features from On-Body Radio Channels 447Max O. Munoz and Yang Hao13.1 Introduction, 44713.2 Physiological Information Parameters, 44913.3 Methods for Non-Invasive Physiological Detection, 44913.4 Discussion and Conclusion, 46614 Power/Data Telemetry Techniques for Implants or Wearable Systems 471Anil K. RamRakhyani and Gianluca Lazzi14.1 Introduction, 47114.2 Powering of Implants and Wearable Systems, 47214.3 Data Communication to Implants and Wearable Systems, 48114.4 Discussion, 48414.5 Design Examples, 48514.6 Conclusion, 488References, 488Index 493