Decision-Making in Ophthalmology

Adjunct Clinical Professor Neil J. Friedmanworks in the Department of Ophthalmology at Stanford University School of Medicine, Partner, Mid-Peninsula Ophthalmology Medical Group, Menlo Park, CA, USA.

• PART 1 Common Symptoms and SignsSECTION 1 SYMPTOMS1 Vision Loss2 Visual Distortion3 Dyschromatopsia4 Nyctalopia and Hemeralopia5 Decreased Vision in Infant6 Diplopia7 Visual Auras, Palinopsia, and Visual Snow8 Visual Hallucinations9 Floaters10 Photopsia11 Glare and Halos12 Photophobia13 Eye Pain14 Headache/Eye Pain15 Red Eye16 Epiphora in Child17 Epiphora in AdultSECTION 2 SIGNS18 Change in Refractive Error19 Pupil Abnormalities20 Strabismus21 Orbit Inflammation22 Proptosis23 Upper Eyelid Malposition24 Lower Eyelid Malposition25 Eyelid Lesion26 Conjunctival Membranes and Pseudomembranes27 Conjunctival Inflammation28 Conjunctival Fibrosis and Symblepharon29 Superficial Punctate Keratopathy/Epitheliopathy30 Corneal Edema31 Corneal Scar32 Corneal Deposits33 Corneal Neovascularization34 Hyphema35 Hypopyon36 Hypotony37 Iris Heterochromia38 Iris Neovascularization39 Leukocoria40 Ectopia Lentis41 Vitritis42 Vitreous Hemorrhage43 Retinal Hemorrhages44 Cotton Wool Spots45 Roth Spots46 Retinal Embolus47 Macular Edema48 Macular Exudates49 Retinal Vasculitis50 Bull’s-Eye Maculopathy51 Retinal Neovascularization52 Choroidal Neovascularization53 Choroidal Folds54 Optic Disc Edema55 Optic AtrophyPART II Specific Ocular DisordersSECTION 3 ORBIT/LID56 Thyroid Eye Disease57 Noninfectious Orbital Inflammation58 Orbital Cellulitis59 Preseptal Cellulitis60 Hordeolum/Chalazion61 Approach to the Cosmetic Eyelid Patient62 Blepharoptosis63 Ectropion64 Entropion65 Facial Nerve Palsy66 Floppy Eyelid Syndrome67 Trichiasis68 Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction69 Canaliculitis70 Dacryocystitis71 Lacrimal Gland EnlargementSECTION 4 NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY72 Cranial Nerve 3 Palsy73 Cranial Nerve 4 Palsy74 Cranial Nerve 6 Palsy75 Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies76 Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia77 Other Motility Disturbances78 Myasthenia Gravis79 Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions and Oscillations80 Vestibular Abnormalities81 Hemifacial Spasm/Blepharospasm82 Pseudopapilledema83 Optic Neuropathy84 Optic Neuritis85 Chiasmal Syndromes86 Cortical Vision Impairment87 Functional Vision Loss88 Amaurosis Fugax89 Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency90 Visual Processing DisordersSECTION 5 PEDIATRICS/STRABISMUS91 Refractive Errors92 Myopia Progression93 Amblyopia94 Esotropia95 Exotropia96 A and V Patterns97 Dissociated Vertical Deviation98 Duane Syndrome99 Brown Syndrome100 Congenital Blepharoptosis101 Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction102 Ophthalmia Neonatorum103 Cloudy Cornea104 Congenital Cataracts105 Childhood Glaucoma106 Retinopathy of Prematurity107 Retinal Detachment in Childhood108 Albinism109 Inherited Retinal Disease110 Color Vision Deficiency111 Hereditary Optic NeuropathiesSECTION 6 CORNEA/EXTERNAL DISEASE112 Anterior Blepharitis113 Meibomian Gland Dysfunction114 Dry Eye Disease115 Dry Eye Disease Treatment116 Conjunctivitis117 Pterygium118 Episcleritis119 Scleritis120 Contact Lens-Related Disorders121 Corneal Ulcer122 Bacterial Corneal Ulcer123 Fungal Corneal Ulcer124 Acanthamoeba Keratitis125 Herpes Simplex Keratitis126 Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus127 Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency128 Recurrent Corneal Erosion129 Anterior Basement Membrane Dystrophy130 Corneal Stromal Dystrophies131 Fuchs Dystrophy132 Salzmann Nodular Degeneration133 Keratoconus134 Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis135 Neurotrophic Keratopathy136 Laser Vision Correction Screening137 Intraoperative Refractive Surgery Complications138 Postoperative Refractive Surgery Complications139 KeratoplastySECTION 7 LENS/CATARACT140 Presbyopia Treatment141 Cataract142 Biometry/Intraocular Lens Calculations143 Advanced Technology Intraocular Lenses144 Phakic Intraocular Lenses145 Refractive Lens Exchange146 Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation147 Astigmatism Correction in the Cataract Patient148 Ophthalmic Viscoelastic Device Use for Intraocular Surgery149 Small Pupil Management in Cataract Surgery150 Zonular Weakness/Dehiscence in the Cataract Patient151 Posterior Capsular Rupture152 Blurry Vision After Cataract Surgery153 Refractive Surprise After Cataract Surgery154 Dysphotopsia After Cataract Surgery155 Posterior Capsular Opacification156 Retained Lens Fragment157 Dislocated Intraocular Lens158 Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome159 Postoperative Infectious Endophthalmitis160 Cataract Surgery in Patients With Previous Retinal ProceduresSECTION 8 GLAUCOMA161 Ocular Hypertension162 Glaucoma Suspect163 Plateau Iris164 Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma165 Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma166 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma167 Normal Tension Glaucoma168 Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma169 Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma170 Other Secondary Open-angle Glaucomas171 Neovascular Glaucoma172 Malignant Glaucoma173 Lens-Induced Glaucoma174 Medical Glaucoma Treatment175 Laser Glaucoma Treatment176 Surgical Glaucoma Treatment177 Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery178 Shallow Chamber After Glaucoma Surgery179 BlebitisSECTION 9 UVEITIS180 Anterior Uveitis in Adults181 Anterior Uveitis in Child182 Intermediate Uveitis183 Posterior Uveitis in Adult184 Posterior Uveitis in Child185 Posterior Uveitis Treatment186 EndophthalmitisSECTION 10 POSTERIOR SEGMENT187 Choroidal Hemorrhage188 Choroidal Effusion189 Exudative Retinal Detachment190 Posterior Vitreous Detachment191 Vitreous Opacities/Asteroid Hyalosis192 Peripheral Retinal Degenerations193 Retinal Breaks194 Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment195 Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy196 Retinal Artery Occlusions197 Retinal Vein Occlusion198 Hypertensive Retinopathy199 Diabetic Retinopathy200 Epiretinal Membrane201 Cystoid Macular Edema Treatment202 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy203 Vitreomacular Traction204 Macular Hole205 Age-Related Macular Degeneration206 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment207 Macular Telangiectasia208 Myopic Degeneration209 Toxic Maculopathies210 Low VisionSECTION 11 TRAUMA211 Orbit Fracture212 Orbital Foreign Body213 Retrobulbar Hemorrhage214 Eyelid Laceration215 Conjunctival and Corneal Foreign Body216 Corneal Abrasion217 Corneal Chemical Burn218 Open Globe219 Iris and Angle Trauma220 Intraocular Foreign Body221 Nonaccidental Trauma222 Choroidal RuptureSECTION 12 TUMORS223 Childhood Orbital Tumors224 Orbit Neoplasms225 Eyelid Neoplasms226 Pigmented Conjunctival Lesions227 Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia228 Iris Neoplasms229 Iris and Ciliary Body Melanoma230 Choroidal Nevus231 Choroidal Melanoma232 Other Choroidal Tumors233 Retinoblastoma234 Optic Nerve Tumors235 Phakomatoses