Monica T. Whitty is Professor of Human Factors in Cyber Security in WMG at the University of Warwick, UK. Her research focus is on cybersecurity, cybercrime and online behaviour. She is a co-author or co-editor of several books, and has published widely on cybersecurity, mass-marketing fraud, insider threat, cyberstalking, online identity, cyber-relationships, cyberethics, online surveillance and taboos in video games.Garry Young is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Nottingham Trent University, UK. His research and teaching focus on the ethics of enacting real-life taboos within virtual environments, the phenomenology of delusions, and embodied cognition. He has published widely on ethics in video games, notions of self in cyberspace, the Capgras and Cotard delusions, and differences between procedural and declarative knowledge.

• List of Tables, Figures and Boxes xChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 The 'Self' in Cyberspace 92.1 Defining the 'Self' 92.2 The self in cyberspace 132.3 Disembodied selves in cyberspace 132.4 The cyborg self 162.5 Goffman: Performing self online 172.6 Possible selves in cyberspace 182.7 Social identities in cyberspace 192.8 Visually anonymous? 202.9 Conclusions 21Chapter 3 Online Relationships 233.1 Traditional relationships: Offline realm 233.2 Applying old theories to online relationships 253.3 New theories to explain online relating 273.4 A brief history of online relating 303.5 Contemporary online spaces 333.6 Interacting in various spaces 363.7 Future development in the field 373.8 Conclusions 37Chapter 4 Online Dating 394.1 What is an online dating site? 394.2 Motivations for using an online dating site 404.3 Psychological characteristics of online daters 414.4 Comparing online dating sites with personal ads 424.5 Presenting oneself on an online dating site 434.6 Dating deception 444.7 A perfect match or a numbers game? 454.8 Stages in the online dating process 464.9 Conclusions 49Chapter 5 Online Sexual Activities 515.1 The beginnings of Internet sex 515.2 The Triple A Engine 525.3 Cybersex: debilitating or liberating? 535.4 Interactive sex entertainment 545.5 Cybersex addiction 545.6 The Internet as an enabler of risky offline sexual encounters 555.7 The Internet and sexual health information 565.8 Social support and exploring sexuality 575.9 Teens and risky sexual online behaviour 585.10 Teledildonics and the future of sex in cyberspace 605.11 Conclusions 60Chapter 6 Internet Infidelity 626.1 Defining Internet infidelity 636.2 Unfaithful online sexual activities 636.3 Virtual or real? 656.4 Emotional infidelity 656.5 Gender differences: Which is worse – sex or love? 666.6 Qualitative differences between online and offline affairs 686.7 Virtual affairs with an avatar 706.8 Conclusions 71Chapter 7 Children's and Teens' Use of Digital Technologies 737.1 Internet usage 737.2 The digital divide 747.3 Digital technologies: Harmful or empowering for young people? 757.4 Illegal content and illegal activities 767.5 Cyberbullying and cyberharassment 777.6 Scams, children and teens 797.7 Identity development 807.8 Activism 817.9 Radicalization 827.10 Conclusions 84Chapter 8 Online Education 868.1 Technology and learning 868.2 E-learning 878.3 E-learning versus face-to-face learning 898.4 Synchronous and asynchronous communication within e-learning 908.5 Media richness theory 938.6 Salmon's stage model of e-learning 958.7 3-D learning environments 968.8 Conclusions 99Chapter 9 Leisure and Entertainment 1019.1 What is leisure and what motivates our pursuit of it? 1019.2 Online family leisure 1039.3 Older adults 1039.4 Technoference: Encroaching on leisure time within relationships 1049.5 Telecommunication 1059.6 Time and functional displacement effects 1069.7 Twitter 1109.8 Conclusions 112Chapter 10 Online Gaming and Gambling 11410.1 Internet addiction 11410.2 Internet gambling addiction 11610.3 Internet gaming addiction 11710.4 Aggressive video games 11810.5 Transcending taboos: video games 12310.6 Games for learning 12410.7 Conclusions 126Chapter 11 Online Deception 12811.1 Defining deception 12811.2 Deception in cyberspace 12911.3 Do we lie more online? 13311.4 Detecting deception 13711.5 Conclusions 138Chapter 12 Online Crimes: Scams, Fraud and Illegal Downloads 14112.1 Phishing 14212.2 Vishing 14312.3 Why are people tricked by phishing? 14412.4 Improving detection 14612.5 Mass-marketing fraud 14612.6 Awareness campaigns 14912.7 Cognitive and motivational errors 15012.8 What type of person tends to be susceptible to MMF? 15112.9 Stages involved in the online dating romance scam 15212.10 Illegal downloads 15212.11 Conclusions 154Chapter 13 Online Crimes: Cyberharassment, Hate Crimes and Cyberwarfare 15613.1 Online harassment and stalking 15613.2 Cyberstalking and the law 15813.3 Psychologically profiling criminals and victims 15913.4 Hate crimes 16013.5 Cyberwarfare 16213.6 Surveillance and monitoring 16513.7 Conclusions 168Chapter 14 Online Crimes: Child Pornography and Paedophilia 17014.1 The internet and the increase in child pornography 17114.2 Child pornography and the law 17214.3 Pseudo-photographs 17414.4 Types of child pornography offenders 17614.5 Characteristics of child pornography offenders 17914.6 The relationship between child pornography and hands-on offending 18014.7 Theoretical approaches to child pornography offending 18114.8 Conclusions 185Chapter 15 Online Support and Health Care 18715.1 The internet and health 18715.2 Characteristics and motivations 18815.3 Online health searching and cyberchondria 18915.4 Social media, group forums and support sites 19115.5 E-therapy 19315.6 Assessing the effectiveness of e-therapies 19615.7 Immersive virtual environments as aids to treatment 19715.8 Conclusions 198Chapter 16 Concluding Thoughts 200References 203Index 240

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Monica T. Whitty is Professor of Human Factors in Cyber Security in WMG at the University of Warwick, UK. Her research focus is on cybersecurity, cybercrime and online behaviour. She is a co-author or co-editor of several books, and has published widely on cybersecurity, mass-marketing fraud, insider threat, cyberstalking, online identity, cyber-relationships, cyberethics, online surveillance and taboos in video games.Garry Young is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Nottingham Trent University, UK. His research and teaching focus on the ethics of enacting real-life taboos within virtual environments, the phenomenology of delusions, and embodied cognition. He has published widely on ethics in video games, notions of self in cyberspace, the Capgras and Cotard delusions, and differences between procedural and declarative knowledge.

• List of Tables, Figures and Boxes xChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 The 'Self' in Cyberspace 92.1 Defining the 'Self' 92.2 The self in cyberspace 132.3 Disembodied selves in cyberspace 132.4 The cyborg self 162.5 Goffman: Performing self online 172.6 Possible selves in cyberspace 182.7 Social identities in cyberspace 192.8 Visually anonymous? 202.9 Conclusions 21Chapter 3 Online Relationships 233.1 Traditional relationships: Offline realm 233.2 Applying old theories to online relationships 253.3 New theories to explain online relating 273.4 A brief history of online relating 303.5 Contemporary online spaces 333.6 Interacting in various spaces 363.7 Future development in the field 373.8 Conclusions 37Chapter 4 Online Dating 394.1 What is an online dating site? 394.2 Motivations for using an online dating site 404.3 Psychological characteristics of online daters 414.4 Comparing online dating sites with personal ads 424.5 Presenting oneself on an online dating site 434.6 Dating deception 444.7 A perfect match or a numbers game? 454.8 Stages in the online dating process 464.9 Conclusions 49Chapter 5 Online Sexual Activities 515.1 The beginnings of Internet sex 515.2 The Triple A Engine 525.3 Cybersex: debilitating or liberating? 535.4 Interactive sex entertainment 545.5 Cybersex addiction 545.6 The Internet as an enabler of risky offline sexual encounters 555.7 The Internet and sexual health information 565.8 Social support and exploring sexuality 575.9 Teens and risky sexual online behaviour 585.10 Teledildonics and the future of sex in cyberspace 605.11 Conclusions 60Chapter 6 Internet Infidelity 626.1 Defining Internet infidelity 636.2 Unfaithful online sexual activities 636.3 Virtual or real? 656.4 Emotional infidelity 656.5 Gender differences: Which is worse – sex or love? 666.6 Qualitative differences between online and offline affairs 686.7 Virtual affairs with an avatar 706.8 Conclusions 71Chapter 7 Children's and Teens' Use of Digital Technologies 737.1 Internet usage 737.2 The digital divide 747.3 Digital technologies: Harmful or empowering for young people? 757.4 Illegal content and illegal activities 767.5 Cyberbullying and cyberharassment 777.6 Scams, children and teens 797.7 Identity development 807.8 Activism 817.9 Radicalization 827.10 Conclusions 84Chapter 8 Online Education 868.1 Technology and learning 868.2 E-learning 878.3 E-learning versus face-to-face learning 898.4 Synchronous and asynchronous communication within e-learning 908.5 Media richness theory 938.6 Salmon's stage model of e-learning 958.7 3-D learning environments 968.8 Conclusions 99Chapter 9 Leisure and Entertainment 1019.1 What is leisure and what motivates our pursuit of it? 1019.2 Online family leisure 1039.3 Older adults 1039.4 Technoference: Encroaching on leisure time within relationships 1049.5 Telecommunication 1059.6 Time and functional displacement effects 1069.7 Twitter 1109.8 Conclusions 112Chapter 10 Online Gaming and Gambling 11410.1 Internet addiction 11410.2 Internet gambling addiction 11610.3 Internet gaming addiction 11710.4 Aggressive video games 11810.5 Transcending taboos: video games 12310.6 Games for learning 12410.7 Conclusions 126Chapter 11 Online Deception 12811.1 Defining deception 12811.2 Deception in cyberspace 12911.3 Do we lie more online? 13311.4 Detecting deception 13711.5 Conclusions 138Chapter 12 Online Crimes: Scams, Fraud and Illegal Downloads 14112.1 Phishing 14212.2 Vishing 14312.3 Why are people tricked by phishing? 14412.4 Improving detection 14612.5 Mass-marketing fraud 14612.6 Awareness campaigns 14912.7 Cognitive and motivational errors 15012.8 What type of person tends to be susceptible to MMF? 15112.9 Stages involved in the online dating romance scam 15212.10 Illegal downloads 15212.11 Conclusions 154Chapter 13 Online Crimes: Cyberharassment, Hate Crimes and Cyberwarfare 15613.1 Online harassment and stalking 15613.2 Cyberstalking and the law 15813.3 Psychologically profiling criminals and victims 15913.4 Hate crimes 16013.5 Cyberwarfare 16213.6 Surveillance and monitoring 16513.7 Conclusions 168Chapter 14 Online Crimes: Child Pornography and Paedophilia 17014.1 The internet and the increase in child pornography 17114.2 Child pornography and the law 17214.3 Pseudo-photographs 17414.4 Types of child pornography offenders 17614.5 Characteristics of child pornography offenders 17914.6 The relationship between child pornography and hands-on offending 18014.7 Theoretical approaches to child pornography offending 18114.8 Conclusions 185Chapter 15 Online Support and Health Care 18715.1 The internet and health 18715.2 Characteristics and motivations 18815.3 Online health searching and cyberchondria 18915.4 Social media, group forums and support sites 19115.5 E-therapy 19315.6 Assessing the effectiveness of e-therapies 19615.7 Immersive virtual environments as aids to treatment 19715.8 Conclusions 198Chapter 16 Concluding Thoughts 200References 203Index 240

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Monica T. Whitty is Professor of Human Factors in Cyber Security in WMG at the University of Warwick, UK. Her research focus is on cybersecurity, cybercrime and online behaviour. She is a co-author or co-editor of several books, and has published widely on cybersecurity, mass-marketing fraud, insider threat, cyberstalking, online identity, cyber-relationships, cyberethics, online surveillance and taboos in video games.Garry Young is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Nottingham Trent University, UK. His research and teaching focus on the ethics of enacting real-life taboos within virtual environments, the phenomenology of delusions, and embodied cognition. He has published widely on ethics in video games, notions of self in cyberspace, the Capgras and Cotard delusions, and differences between procedural and declarative knowledge.

• List of Tables, Figures and Boxes xChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 The 'Self' in Cyberspace 92.1 Defining the 'Self' 92.2 The self in cyberspace 132.3 Disembodied selves in cyberspace 132.4 The cyborg self 162.5 Goffman: Performing self online 172.6 Possible selves in cyberspace 182.7 Social identities in cyberspace 192.8 Visually anonymous? 202.9 Conclusions 21Chapter 3 Online Relationships 233.1 Traditional relationships: Offline realm 233.2 Applying old theories to online relationships 253.3 New theories to explain online relating 273.4 A brief history of online relating 303.5 Contemporary online spaces 333.6 Interacting in various spaces 363.7 Future development in the field 373.8 Conclusions 37Chapter 4 Online Dating 394.1 What is an online dating site? 394.2 Motivations for using an online dating site 404.3 Psychological characteristics of online daters 414.4 Comparing online dating sites with personal ads 424.5 Presenting oneself on an online dating site 434.6 Dating deception 444.7 A perfect match or a numbers game? 454.8 Stages in the online dating process 464.9 Conclusions 49Chapter 5 Online Sexual Activities 515.1 The beginnings of Internet sex 515.2 The Triple A Engine 525.3 Cybersex: debilitating or liberating? 535.4 Interactive sex entertainment 545.5 Cybersex addiction 545.6 The Internet as an enabler of risky offline sexual encounters 555.7 The Internet and sexual health information 565.8 Social support and exploring sexuality 575.9 Teens and risky sexual online behaviour 585.10 Teledildonics and the future of sex in cyberspace 605.11 Conclusions 60Chapter 6 Internet Infidelity 626.1 Defining Internet infidelity 636.2 Unfaithful online sexual activities 636.3 Virtual or real? 656.4 Emotional infidelity 656.5 Gender differences: Which is worse – sex or love? 666.6 Qualitative differences between online and offline affairs 686.7 Virtual affairs with an avatar 706.8 Conclusions 71Chapter 7 Children's and Teens' Use of Digital Technologies 737.1 Internet usage 737.2 The digital divide 747.3 Digital technologies: Harmful or empowering for young people? 757.4 Illegal content and illegal activities 767.5 Cyberbullying and cyberharassment 777.6 Scams, children and teens 797.7 Identity development 807.8 Activism 817.9 Radicalization 827.10 Conclusions 84Chapter 8 Online Education 868.1 Technology and learning 868.2 E-learning 878.3 E-learning versus face-to-face learning 898.4 Synchronous and asynchronous communication within e-learning 908.5 Media richness theory 938.6 Salmon's stage model of e-learning 958.7 3-D learning environments 968.8 Conclusions 99Chapter 9 Leisure and Entertainment 1019.1 What is leisure and what motivates our pursuit of it? 1019.2 Online family leisure 1039.3 Older adults 1039.4 Technoference: Encroaching on leisure time within relationships 1049.5 Telecommunication 1059.6 Time and functional displacement effects 1069.7 Twitter 1109.8 Conclusions 112Chapter 10 Online Gaming and Gambling 11410.1 Internet addiction 11410.2 Internet gambling addiction 11610.3 Internet gaming addiction 11710.4 Aggressive video games 11810.5 Transcending taboos: video games 12310.6 Games for learning 12410.7 Conclusions 126Chapter 11 Online Deception 12811.1 Defining deception 12811.2 Deception in cyberspace 12911.3 Do we lie more online? 13311.4 Detecting deception 13711.5 Conclusions 138Chapter 12 Online Crimes: Scams, Fraud and Illegal Downloads 14112.1 Phishing 14212.2 Vishing 14312.3 Why are people tricked by phishing? 14412.4 Improving detection 14612.5 Mass-marketing fraud 14612.6 Awareness campaigns 14912.7 Cognitive and motivational errors 15012.8 What type of person tends to be susceptible to MMF? 15112.9 Stages involved in the online dating romance scam 15212.10 Illegal downloads 15212.11 Conclusions 154Chapter 13 Online Crimes: Cyberharassment, Hate Crimes and Cyberwarfare 15613.1 Online harassment and stalking 15613.2 Cyberstalking and the law 15813.3 Psychologically profiling criminals and victims 15913.4 Hate crimes 16013.5 Cyberwarfare 16213.6 Surveillance and monitoring 16513.7 Conclusions 168Chapter 14 Online Crimes: Child Pornography and Paedophilia 17014.1 The internet and the increase in child pornography 17114.2 Child pornography and the law 17214.3 Pseudo-photographs 17414.4 Types of child pornography offenders 17614.5 Characteristics of child pornography offenders 17914.6 The relationship between child pornography and hands-on offending 18014.7 Theoretical approaches to child pornography offending 18114.8 Conclusions 185Chapter 15 Online Support and Health Care 18715.1 The internet and health 18715.2 Characteristics and motivations 18815.3 Online health searching and cyberchondria 18915.4 Social media, group forums and support sites 19115.5 E-therapy 19315.6 Assessing the effectiveness of e-therapies 19615.7 Immersive virtual environments as aids to treatment 19715.8 Conclusions 198Chapter 16 Concluding Thoughts 200References 203Index 240

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